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  --2005, 24 (18)   Published: 15 September 2005
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2005-18期目录

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 2005, 24 (18): -0 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 128 KB] (926)
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2005-18期目录

SLOPE MONITORING SYSTEM OF THREE GORGES AREA BASED ON 3S TECHNIQUES AND GROUND DEFORMATION OBSERVATION

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 2005, 24 (18): -3203 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 604 KB] (1560)
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A comprehensive investigation of the water-line instability problem of the Three Gorges Reservoir region is of important relevance to hazard migration in a populated region and will benefit greatly local government's plan of rebuilding the Three Gorges Reservoir region and relocating the population. In this paper,it was pointed out that landslide monitoring system,as a foundation of the investigation,must be made in the first stage by developing and establishing a slope deformation monitoring system based on 3S techniques and ground observation networks. The multiple investigative approaches and monitoring networks,including global positioning system (GPS) geodetic networks,lateral earth movement measuring boreholes,pore pressure observing networks and radio remote sensor networks,installed in Wanzhou District,Wushan and Fengjie counties of Chongqing City ever since 1999 were introduced. In allusion to characteristics of natural disasters within this region,various aspects of problems relevant to monitoring system of landslides deformation were discussed. Slopes will be classified firstly by risk index mainly according to geological evaluation and GPS survey results in an area and one can therefore find several critical regions to intensify observation by radio remote sensor networks. The data collected through the multiple investigative approaches are managed with especially designed geography information system (GIS) in which various databases are integrated such as geological prospect data,landslide physiognomy data and hydrological data. Based on this GIS system,observed data can be analyzed,displayed and output in graphics mode. A few representative observation results presented in the paper demonstrate that the proposed monitoring and warning system is an effective approach to investigate slope deformation and can be used to test models of the rock and soil slope mechanics directly through the well-constrained field examples from the Three Gorges Reservoir region.

STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION OF CROSS CONNECTION OF SHIELD TUNNEL AND CONNECTING AISLE BY FREEZING METHOD

null
 2005, 24 (18): -3211 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 481 KB] (1345)
Show Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of the complicated construction of cross connection of shield tunnel and connecting aisle by freezing method in Nanjing metro No.1 line is studied by using three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation method. The research demonstrates the occurrence of the two serious disadvantageous distributions of internal forces with eccentric compression in the major part section and the whole tension in upper and lower sections of removal connection segment in the shield tunnel intersection due to connect aisle construction. Compared with the case without connecting aisle,the longitudinal internal forces in the shield tunnel intersection are obviously increased in amplitude. In particular,the maximum longitudinal bending moment is increased by 9 times. On the basis of analysis above,this paper puts emphasis on the importance of the longitudinal design of segment in tunnel intersection in order to guarantee the safety of segment lining during construction by freezing method.

STUDY ON STRAIN RATE EFFECT OF SOFT ROCK

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 2005, 24 (18): -3218 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 318 KB] (1123)
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Consolidated undrained triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens of diatomaceous soft rock under different pressures and different loading rates,with stress controlled and strain controlled respectively. The test results show that the soft rock has obvious strain rate effect,and strain rates during loading have notable influences on the strength and deformation of soft rock. On the basis of tests,considering the time-dependent behavior of stress-strain relation of diatomaceous soft rock,a 3D elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model (3D EVP model) is introduced to simulate the strain rate effect of soft rock. All parameters of the model are determined by tests. The stress-strain relationship and the effective stress path of undrained consolidated triaxial tests under different strain rates were simulated using 3D EVP model. The numerical calculation results reflect that the strength,including peak strength and residual strength,of soft rock improves with the increasing of strain rate;and they are consistent with the tests results. The trend of pore water pressure and strain softening of calculation results also show agreement with test results. Through comparing and analysis,it is found that 3D EVP model is effective to describe the strain rate effect of soft rock.

WAVELET MULTI-RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF WEAK REFLECTED WAVE FROM THE INTERFACES OF COAL SEAM AND STRATA

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 2005, 24 (18): -3224 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 243 KB] (1005)
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High-speed and accurate detecting of the thickness of the top coal seam plays an important role in the caving method. It is very significant for mastering accurately caving dynamics,guarantying the coal quality and computing exactly the recovery ratio. The elastic wave reflection method is one of the effective methods of detecting the thickness of the top coal seam. To identify the signal of the weak reflected wave is a key problem to detect the thickness of the coal seam by using elastic wave. So,the detecting signals of thickness of the coal seam are processed by means of the wavelet multi-resolution analysis. The principle to choose the wavelet base for decomposing the signals is put forward according to the properties of its compact support,continuity and high-order vanishing moment. The actual detecting signals are decomposed using Db4 wavelet and the properties of their time-frequency are analyzed. Therefore,the ability to identify the weak reflected wave and the accuracy to detect the thickness of the coal seam are considerably improved.

PROPERTIES OF IMPERMEABILITY COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH SOLIDIFYING FLY-ASH IN STORING SITE

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 2005, 24 (18): -3229 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 248 KB] (1000)
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The fly ash is a kind of solid waste produced by the power plant and stored in some places,but its influence is the most serious on environment now. In the past,the aim to construct storing sites is to prevent the fly ash from entering the surrounding or polluting the running water. Because of the improper design,construction and operation of storing site it is serious that the fly ash entering the air or the infiltration ash-water entering underground pollutes the air and the groundwater. It is emergency on solving it. Through mechanism analysis and testing of fly ash,bentonite and lime,a new material mixing fly ash,bentonite,lime and clay is developed to prevent the seepage of ash-water. It can be paved at the bottom and inner slope of embankment surrounding the storing site. The new material is analyzed by testing comparison of technical features such as compression strength,impermeability,frost resistance,dry or wet resistance and acid or alkali environment of mixing material;the economic mixing ratio is raised to offer scientific foundation for the application of the project technology.

ANALYSIS OF LOCALIZATION OF DEFORMATION AND COMPLETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENOUS BRITTLE ROCK MATERIALS WHEN AXIAL STRESS IS HELD CONSTANT WHILE LATERAL CONFINEMENT IS REDUCED

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 2005, 24 (18): -3236 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 318 KB] (1058)
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Stress redistribution induced by excavation of underground engineering and slope engineering results in the unloading zone in parts of surrounding rock masses. The mechanical behaviors of crack-weakened rock masses under unloading are different from those of crack-weakened rock masses under loading. The pre-existing microcracks will be closed under loading,but they will be open under unloading. The deformation of rock material under unloading is more larger than that under loading. The frictional sliding activation on pre-existing cracks will occur under loading,but the frictionless sliding activation on pre-existing cracks may occur under unloading. Under same condition,the axial stress at which some pre-existing cracks begin to propagate in a stable fashion under unloading is less than that under loading;and the axial stress at which some pre-existing cracks begin to propagate in an unstable fashion under unloading is less than that under loading. The strength of rock material under unloading is less than that under loading. A micromechanics-based model has been proposed for brittle rock material undergoing irreversible changes of microscopic structures due to microcrack growth when axial stress is held constant while lateral confinement is reduced. The basic idea of the present model is to classify the constitution relation of rock material into four stages including some of the stages of linear elasticity,pre-peak nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop,and strain softening,and to investigate their corresponding micromechanical damage mechanisms individually. Special attention is paid to the transition of structure from rearrangements on microscale to the macroscopic inelastic strain,to the transition from distribution damage to localization of damage and the transition from homogeneous deformation to localization of deformation. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock materials containing cracks under unloading is obtained. The results show that the complete stress-strain relation and the strength of rock materials under unloading depend on the crack spacing,the fracture toughness of rock materials and orientation of the cracks,the crack half-length and the crack density parameter.

ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW LANDSLIDE STABILITY UNDER INTENSIVE RAINFALL

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 2005, 24 (18): -3246 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 418 KB] (1396)
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Based on actual survey data,the results of indoor physico-mechanical test and engineering practice,the relationship among safety factor of slope,shear strength index and saturation-area ratio of slope-mass under intensive rainfall was researched;furthermore,their mathematic statistics related expression was established. According to this related expression,difficulty in analyzing stability of shallow slope under intensive rainfall by the strength reduction limiting equilibrium method of non-separation contact elastoplastic finite element was discussed. The results are shown as follows. First,with making full use of the mathematic statistics related expression established and selecting different saturation-area ratios of slope-mass,corresponding equivalent shear strength index of slide plane under intensive rainfall is obtained,which acts as the one of contact elements on slide plane in the strength reduction arithmetic of non-separation contact elastoplastic FEM. Second,the stability of shallow slope under intensive rainfall may be more accurately analyzed by the above method,which may more clearly reflect actual state of slope disintegration,deformation and failure. Third,the results may afford more reliable and adequate bases on calculation of the safety factor and analysis of slope stability;meanwhile,according to different saturation-area ratios of slope-mass,more accurate forecast of this type of shallow landslide may be carried out more conveniently by the above method. Fourth,the mechanism of disintegration,deformation and failure of shallow landslide under intensive rainfall is revealed. Furthermore,it is confirmed that intensive rainfall is the most decisive triggering factor that leads to sudden instability of shallow landslide.

STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION OF CROSS CONNECTION OF SHIELD TUNNEL AND CONNECTING AISLE BY FREEZING METHOD

null
 2005, 24 (18): -3252 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 505 KB] (1000)
Show Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of the complicated construction of cross connection of shield tunnel and connecting aisle by freezing method in Nanjing metro No.1 line is studied by using three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation method. The research demonstrates the occurrence of the two serious disadvantageous distributions of internal forces with eccentric compression in the major part section and the whole tension in upper and lower sections of removal connection segment in the shield tunnel intersection due to connect aisle construction. Compared with the case without connecting aisle,the longitudinal internal forces in the shield tunnel intersection are obviously increased in amplitude. In particular,the maximum longitudinal bending moment is increased by 9 times. On the basis of analysis above,this paper puts emphasis on the importance of the longitudinal design of segment in tunnel intersection in order to guarantee the safety of segment lining during construction by freezing method.

A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF UNSATURATED SOILS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3258 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 189 KB] (1168)
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Through some experiments on the loess specimens with the prepared moisture and dry density,the characteristics of permeability for water and air phases in unsaturated soil are revealed using an apparatus for measuring water-air movement,and the mechanism of water-air movement and relationship between several measuring parameters are presented. The results indicate that air coefficients of permeability of several dry density soils experience a uniform tendency after adding a certain amount of water to the specimen with certain water content. At first,air coefficients of permeability cut down to rock bottom rapidly;then,they grow slowly;finally,the coefficients reach to constant. The time needed to reach a new stable state of permeability of pore water depends primarily on dry density and water content. Air and water coefficient of permeability will reduce with dry density increase. In addition,coefficient of permeability is not significantly influenced by the wetting path in high degree of saturation zone,while the influence is obvious in low degree of saturation.

APPLICATION OF LADE-DUNCAN FAILURE CRITERION TO CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATIONS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3262 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 231 KB] (1212)
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Based on the Lade-Duncan failure criterion and a stress condition in plane strain state,the failure criterion for plane strains for cohesionless materials is proposed. By introducing a parameter of bonding stress ,the failure criterion is extended to that of cohesive-frictional materials. The formula is applied to the calculation of bearing capacity of foundation. The validity of the proposed formula for bearing capacity of foundations is verified by comparing the computed results with the test data. The failure criterion in plane strain takes on the same value of reference to others plane strain problems.

CONFORMATION DETECTION OF GEOMEMBRANE VERTICALLY LAID UNDERGROUND WITH TWO-ROW CP ELECTRODE ARRAY

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 2005, 24 (18): -3266 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 1265 KB] (936)
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The geomembrane which is laid vertically underground has been widely used in water conservancy,building groundwork and environment engineering,etc.,to prevent seepage flow in the past 20 years in China. During being laid underground,the geomembrane may be not extend to the designable depth and be lacerated by sharp stone,maybe there are some blanks between the border upon plastics series. All those can make the seepage flow through the geomembrane. So it is important to inspect the conformation of those impervious geomembrane after they have been laid vertically underground. But 2D flimsy body laid vertically underground like this geomembrane is difficult to be inspected with the usual detection method. In order to meet this require,the two-row current and potential (CP) electrode array is designed to detect it on the base of electrostatic field theory. By theoretical analysis and field studies,the abnormal resistivity pattern of different conformation,the inspection precision of this method and the results different settings lead to have been made certain. The theoretical analysis and field study show the lower resistivity patterns in apparent resistivity section can reflects that the conformation of geomembrane and their size are corresponding;the blanks between the border upon plastics series can make the lower resistivity pattern larger;one tenth change of the depth of geomembrane and 0.1 m width of blank between the border upon plastics series could be detected with this method. The research result can make sure that the conformation of impervious geomembrane which is laid vertically underground can be detected clearly with the two-row CP electrode array.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON VAPOROUS WATER TRANSFERENCE
IN LOESS AND SANDY SOIL

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 2005, 24 (18): -3271 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 196 KB] (972)
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Moisture migration in unsaturated soil is normally presented in two ways:liquid water transfer and vaporous water transfer. On the condition of constant temperature,whether vaporous water transfer in unsaturated soil can be ignored remains to be settled. By taking loess samples and sandy soil samples for test,vaporous water transfer in unsaturated soil on the condition of constant temperature is studied;and the relation between vaporous water transferring quantity and liquid water transferring quantity in unsaturated soil is explored too. After analyzing the test data,it is showed that types of soil,water content value and water content gradient in soil all affect vaporous water transfer,and the influence of density of soil on vaporous water transfer can be ignored. If soil water mainly is bound water,and a water content gradient is exerted on the soil,it can be found that vaporous water transferring quantity is greater than liquid water transferring quantity. Conversely,if there is more free water in soil,vaporous water transferring quantity is less than liquid water transferring quantity.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR CONSOLIDATION
AROUND A CYLINDRICAL CAVITY AND ITS APPLICATION

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 2005, 24 (18): -3276 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 266 KB] (942)
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Based on the distribution of initial excess pore water pressure due to the cylindrical cavity expansion,an analytical solution for the consolidation around a cylindrical cavity under arbitrary drainage boundary was obtained by using separation of variables. And the effect of different drainage conditions and shear stress on the initial excess pore water pressure and its dissipation during cavity expansion was discussed. Additionally,the comparison between calculated result and field curves of excess pore water pressure dissipation shows that the analytical solution was close to the in-situ consolidation tests;so the analytical solution is valuable for in-situ testing of consolidation coefficient of soils and for analyzing the dissipation of excess pore water pressure due to driving piles.

SUPERIOR COMBINATION FORECASTING SETTLEMENT OF SOFT CLAY EMBANKMENTS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3282 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 260 KB] (1114)
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The settlement prediction is an important problem in soft clay roadbed design and construction. For the normal prediction methods based on observation data have different applicabilities and disadvantages,the combination forecasting can synthetically utilize the information provided by different methods to improve the precision of prediction. To compare the validity of settlement prediction with different principia,superior combination forecasting based on forecasting effective measure is much better than the traditional combination forecasting,which modeled on the minimal value of error sum of squares or the deviation absolute sum. A case study is carried out to illustrate the validity of superior combination forecasting and the time-variant character of weight coefficient.

COOLING EFFECT ON ADJUSTABLE VENTILATED EMBANKMENT

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 2005, 24 (18): -3287 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 300 KB] (1083)
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The adjustable ventilated embankment,which is adopted in Qinghai―Tibet Railway,is an ideal engineering measure to protect warm frozen soil. Aiming at the freezing-thawing problems of warm frozen soil where Qinghai―Tibet Railway has been constructed,this paper has considered the influence of solar radiation and the adherent layer on the boundary conditions and has performed detailed numerical simulation analysis and comparison between the traditional ventilated embankment,in which both ends of the ducts are open,and the adjustable ventilated embankment,in which both ends of the ducts are closed. The numerical results show that the location of 0 ℃ isotherm of the adjustable ventilated embankments is higher than that of the traditional ventilated embankment in summer season. It shows that the permafrost table is lifted more under the adjustable ventilated embankment and the permafrost underlying is protected better. And it does not occur the thawing bulb in summer. On the other hand the propagation depth of its -4 ℃ isotherm is larger than that of the traditional ventilated embankment in winter season. These indicate that the cooling effect of the adjustable ventilated embankments on permafrost is quite better than that of the traditional ventilated embankments.

TYPICAL DESIGN OF BANK SLOPE STABILIZATION FOR
THE THIRD PLAN IN THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA

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 2005, 24 (18): -3292 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 308 KB] (1068)
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The bank slope structures in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are divided into rock bank slope,soil bank slope and combination bank slope of soil and rock,based on the types and combinations of rocks and soils in the Three Gorge Reservoir area. And then,the failure modes of each kind of bank slopes were analyzed and summarized. The suitabilities of prevention methods of bank slopes in the Three Gorge Reservoir area are studied in detail based on the geological structure,failure mode and scale of bank slopes. The results show that 5 suitable stabilization methods of bank slopes in the Three Gorge Reservoir area are as follows:(1) to stabilize those rock bank slopes which are easily weathered,and to stabilize those in which competent layers alternate with incompetent layers,tieback and shotcrete plus part buttressing or unloading should be taken;(2) to stabilize those soil bank slopes which are thicker than 10 m,and in which failures have already taken place,and to stabilize those rock bank slopes which contain incompetent beds and incline in the same direction as that of strata,driven piles plus surface slope protection and surface drainage should be taken;(3) to stabilize those soil and combination bank slopes which are thinner than 6 m,and base grounds are stable,retaining walls and surface drainage should be taken;(4) to stabilize those soil and combination bank slopes which are thicker than 6 m,and gradients are less than 20°,rip-rap with cuboid stone plus gabions or block stones should be taken;(5) to stabilize those soil and strong weathered granite bank slopes which are thicker than 6 m,and gradients are greater than 20°,grid anchorage technique and surface drainage should be taken. Finally,typical bank slopes are designed to be stabilized with the methods mentioned above. The results show that total cost of 1 km bank slope stabilization work is about 857.2´104,2 246.0´104,931.5´104,625.5´104,2 288.8´104 yuan,respectively. Therefore,scientific data are provided for the 3rd plan of geo-disaster prevention in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

INFLUENCE ANALYSIS OF FRICRION BETWEEN PILE AND SOIL ON COMPACTING EFFECTS OF JACKED PILE

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 2005, 24 (18): -3299 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 236 KB] (1422)
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An appropriate finite element model was given according to the actual process of jacked pile. This model adopted the rational constitutive model of soil and finite deformation theory. Through pile-soil contact and displacement loading on pile top, the pile-sinking process was simulated. Displacement fields were studied through the finite element model. The effects of displacement fields caused by pile-soil friction were discussed. Then comparisons between pile-soil interacting model and cavity expanding model were made. The results show that the pile-soil interaction and interface fiction are important influential factors in the simulation of jacked pile.

ROCK MASS STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ABUTMENTS
OF YUJIANHE ARCH DAM

null
 2005, 24 (18): -3305 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 375 KB] (915)
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The abutments of Yujianhe Arch Dam have hidden trouble to their safety because there exist many faults,joints and weak seams in the rock mass. Based on in-situ investigation and testing,it could firstly be decided that the block above the elevation of 1 034 m in the right abutment was the most dangerous one. Then,the 3D limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the 3D finite element method (FEM) were both used to calculate the stability coefficient of the block. The results got from the two methods were different,the first was 2.0,and the second was 3.0. To get the true result,the two methods were compared in physical model and mechanical model,and it was then found that the result of FEM was on the high side because of the yield criteria,and the result of LEM was on the low side because the load of dam was magnified in this method. By analyzing systematically,the final stability coefficient 2.4 was given out,which couldn¢t meet the requirement of the criteria,so it was suggested that the block should be treated.

RESEARCH ON UNSYMMETRICAL LOAD EFFECT AND LINING CRACKS OF A HIGHWAY TUNNEL

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 2005, 24 (18): -3311 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 247 KB] (1434)
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Phenomenon of lining cracks is one of the familiar diseases during highway tunnel construction. Based on the monitoring data and actual geological situations of Sangongjing tunnel,causes of cracks and their development are generalized by means of direct and back analysis from the viewpoint of mechanics. The application range of tunnel design norm is discussed and compared with the method of site monitoring or back analysis;meanwhile,the reasonable design and construction projects are suggested. Then,the internal force condition of the second liner lying in a certain section is analyzed as an example,which is checked up as an intensity index,aiming to explain the cracks. Result of synthetically analyzing and mechanical computation turns out that the unsymmetrical load is the main cause of the cracks in tunnel lining. Finally,synthetically disposal measures proposed in this paper show the effect is satisfactory after it being enforced.

TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF A RIGID CIRCULAR PLATE RESTING ON DOUBLE-LAYERED SUBGRADE WITH ROCK SUBSTRATUM

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 2005, 24 (18): -3316 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 281 KB] (808)
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By using the technology of Hankel transform,the torsional vibration of a rigid circular plate resting on double-layered subgrade overlaying bedrock is discussed. Taking the soil above the groundwater table as elastic single-phase layer and the soil below the groundwater table as saturated medium,considering the mixed boundary condition at the upper surface,the fixed boundary condition at the lowest surface and that the stress and displacement at the interface of the layers are continuous,the dual integral equations are established. By mathematical methods,the dual integral equations are reduced to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Subsequently,the dynamic compliance coefficients of the foundation,the equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping of the subgrade,the angular amplitude of the foundation are expressed explicitly. Selected numerical studies indicate that the height of the stratum and the shear moduli¢ ratio between the layers have pronounced effect on the results.

STUDY ON EQUIVALENT ELASTIC FEATURE OF SEDIMENTARY FORMATION IN COLLIERIES

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 2005, 24 (18): -3322 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 188 KB] (798)
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The rock of underground engineering in the colliery is bedded. Because of the bedded strata it has much difficulties in the mechanical analysis of the engineering rock. Based on the actual needs of the engineering,every stratum of layered rock structure can be regarded as the homogeneous and isotropic elastic body. But the layered rock structure itself is discontinuous and heterogenous. By analysis and calculation,the equivalent medium is found to substitute for the layered rock structure. A simple and convenient method is provided for studying mechanical behavior of layered rock at a different angle of the engineering rock mechanics.

COMPRESSION AND CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF CALCAREOUS SAND UNDER CONFINED COMPRESSION

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 2005, 24 (18): -3327 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 258 KB] (1206)
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Calcareous sediments generally consist of the remains of marine organism,which tend to be crushed relatively easily under load,compared to terrigenous materials. Laboratory tests are carried out on calcareous sand taken from the South China Sea;and it is pointed out that the compression behavior of calcareous sand under one-dimensional compression is just similar to that of silt. The reason is that the particles are crushed under load. The samples are sieved before and after tests and the crushability of the sand is also quantified using Hardin model.

3D ELASTOPLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY BEHAVIOUR OF INTERACTION OF RAFT-PILE AND SOIL

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 2005, 24 (18): -3332 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 278 KB] (1074)
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Contact element is employed to simulate the nonlinear behaviour of interaction of pile,raft and soil. And Drucker-Prager elastoplastic constitutive model is used to represent nonlinear and inelastic characteristics of soils. Based on these models,the three-dimensional numerical analyses by finite element method are conducted to examine the interaction and bearing behaviour of raft-pile foundation. According to the distributions of normal and friction stresses along the contact surface and the plastic deformations in subsoil computed by the finite element methods,the relative ratios of loads respectively carried by pile and raft are investigated. It has been shown that with the increasing of the applied loads,the bearing ratio of pile increases slightly while the bearing ratio of shaft decreases slightly.

SIMULATION OF IMPACT FORCE AND PENETRATION RATE OF AIR HAMMER BIT DRILLING

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 2005, 24 (18): -3337 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 373 KB] (1097)
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For the research of the rate of penetration (ROP) prediction,the empirical or semiempirical equations of the ROP are derived from the laboratory or field data before. Some of them include some coefficients difficult to get,while some of them are not coincident with the field data. Based on the theory of the roller cone bit,the simulation model of the hammer bit drilling system is established,which includes dynamical model of the impactor,simulation model of the hammer bit,simulation model of the true bottom hole plane and the mathematical model between the tooth and the rock,by which the simulation software is developed. Hence the impacting force,the impacting work of the piston and ROP of the air hammer bit drilling can be predicted. Simulation results are coincident with that of the field so as to indicate that the model are reliable. The research can help to redesign the hammer bit or the impactor and select the drilling parameters.

TABU SIMULATED ANNEALING COMPLEX METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3342 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 256 KB] (971)
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For a randomly generated initial complex,the bad design point will be operated firstly whose similarity degree is the biggest to other design points,and a new design point would be generated by simulated annealing optimization operator with tabu idea on the line through the bad design point and the center of the remaining design points. If no new design point is found to replace the bad design point,another design point which has the second maximum similarity degree is chosen to be simulated annealing calculation,and the process will be continued until all the design points are chosen to be simulated annealing calculation and no new design points found. After then the improved complex optimization calculation would be continued for the current complex. In this process,the same reflection and retraction operator to basic complex method is employed. Not only the improvement on the objective function value but also the maintenance of the diversity of the complex is considered in the improved complex method;and the local optimization would be avoided. The tabu simulated annealing complex method is applied to searching the critical failure surface of two nonhomogeneous soil slopes. The result shows that the ability of the improved complex method to find optimum is stronger than that of the basic complex method.

STUDY ON STABILITY OF JOINTED ROCK SLOPE OF AN OPEN IRON MINE

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 2005, 24 (18): -3350 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 275 KB] (1156)
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According to the structure characteristics of the joint rock mass of the south slope of Yanqianshan Open Iron Mine,the 3D joint network is simulated and shown by Monte-Carlo random simulation technique based on the joint surveys in-situ and statistic analysis;and the strength of the jointed rock mass and the failure modes of the slope have been defined. The stability states are systematically studied by means of searching automatically the critical slip surface and FLAC numerical simulation for the present executing project and the revising project. That the slope angle of three benches becoming one large bench is revised from 65° to 60° can basically improve the stability state of the south slope;and meet the mining stability demand during the service life of the open mine.

SUPPORT EFFECT ANALYSIS OF UPPER PIPE-ROOF DURING A BOX CULVERT BEING PUSHED WITHIN PIPE-ROOF

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 2005, 24 (18): -3355 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 233 KB] (1072)
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Up to now,the subway crossing project through Hongxu Road is a pipe-roof project with largest cross-section box culvert in the world. It is constructed in saturated soft soil stratum in the Beihong Road located in the middle ring-road in Shanghai. Based on restrictions of ground settlement and extremely dangerous potential sliding condition on soil in front of the box culvert during the culvert being pushed slowly and some soil being excavated,support effect of upper pipe-proof is analyzed in order that mechanical characteristics of the pipe-roof can be completely known. Because different segments of these pipes have different mechanical status,they are analyzed mainly by supported beam model with two fixed ends and beam on elastic foundation model. Support effect of the upper and middle pipe is analyzed in detail in the practical project. The results show that the pipe-roof plays an important mechanical role in the course of the culvert being pushed. It can support quite a little weight of soil on it so that only partial weight will transfer to the stratum under it. So the pipe-roof can be benefit for economic and rational design of steel grids inverted in the front of the culvert for stabilizing the cutting surface.

LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL RESEARCHES ON SANDSTONE

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 2005, 24 (18): -3360 doi:
Full Text: [PDF 288 KB] (901)
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The mechanical behaviors of sandstone with large porosity are different from the other rocks;the research of its mechanical properties is very important not only in the theory but also in the practice. The two sorts failure theories are used to explain the failure types of sandstone with large porosity based on the laboratory research under different saturated liquid conditions;then the conventional Cap Model is extended and is used to simulate the testing results. A critical value of confining pressure is proved to exist during the process from mainly pressure-shear failure to mainly slough failure. When the confining pressure is increased,the mainly pressure-shear failure can be changed into slough failure. A critical saturated degree also exists during the change processes from oil saturation to water saturation. When water saturated degree is above critical value,the mechanical features of sandstone with large porosity are changed clearly. The theoretical and testing results explain reasonably the subsidence from oil exploiting by water injection.

APPLICATION OF SARMA METHOD TO STABILITY EVALUATION ANALYSIS OF A LARGE ANCHORED ROCKMASS SLOPE

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 2005, 24 (18): -3368 doi:
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Based on the basic idea of Sarma method,a sliding block computational model of stability analysis for an anchored rockmass slope is established after taking into consideration the action of earthquake and influence of underground jointed water as well as the supporting effect of rock-bolts. This model has been applied to stability analysis of a large anchored rockmass slope project of Zipingpu Hydropower Station. Computed results show that the safety factor of slope will decrease when the underground jointed water level and the intensity of earthquake increase;in addition,the safety factor of slope will increase after the slope is reinforced. So,it is very important to attach much weight to the influence of underground jointed water and earthquake on slope stability and to take the rock-bolt supporting for slope into account.

RESEARCH ON FAILURE OF SOFT STRUCTURE AND SINGULARITY OF FAILURE ZONE OF ROADWAY SURROUNDING ROCK

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 2005, 24 (18): -3373 doi:
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Under engineering stresses in colliery,deformation of multiple structure of roadway surrounding rock is complex and unbalanced. The soft structure has important influence on shape of failure zone,process of deformation and stability of rock mass. There are eleven kinds of soft structures such as roof and floor and two sides with single property soft structures,layered soft structure of sides,coal and rock pillar soft structure,engineering stress and sectional shape soft structure,which can be divided into three types of rock feature,geometric shape and stresses by multiple structures and engineering stresses. Deformation of soft structure has failure effect that whole failure process of surrounding rock and supports is from failure of soft rock whose intensity is low and degree of stress concentration is high. Probing records of the ground penetrating radar in colliery present that shapes of failure zone are different and singular on interfaces of different rock masses whose diversity of rock properties is obvious. Soft structure has the leading role in the shape of failure zone,different type of soft structures has the great diversity to the shape of failure zone;and the thickness of failure zone is bigger than that in places else. Equal supporting patterns used frequently don¢t match to the deformation characteristic of soft structures in roadway;therefore,by high supporting strength on soft structure and unbalanced supports,deformation and failure of whole surrounding rock may be controlled effectively.

STUDY ON ELASTOPLASTIC DYNAMIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF SATURATED SANDS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3380 doi:
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Based on the plastic flow theory of soils,an elastoplastic constitutive model for describing the dynamic response behavior of the saturated sands is developed. The total deformation of soils consists of three parts:elastic strain,the plastic strain related to the volumetric yielding mechanism and the plastic strain related to the shear yielding mechanism. The difference of soils behavior in virgin loading contrast to unloading and reloading can be reflected by adopting different model parameters. By comparing the results calculated by the model with the test data,it is shown that the presented constitutive model can describe the response behavior of saturated sands subjected to cyclic loading with reasonable accuracy. The number of the model parameters is limited and their value can be calibrated through conventional triaxial compression test and hydrostatic pressure test. In the meantime,the form of the constitutive model is simple and it is suitable for numerical calculation.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BREAKING PROCESS OF BAR-LIKE STRUCTURAL BODIES UNDER UNLODING CONDITIONS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3386 doi:
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In order to explain the failure and breakage mechanisms of structural geological materials,the plane strain compression tests of the samples of bar-like structural bodies assembled in two patterns are conducted under unloading situations. In the process of reducing the lateral stress,it is found experimentally that the structural bodies not only slide and rotate,but also can be broken and the main failure modes of structural bodies are shear failure and splitting;while the samples assembling of bar-like structural bodies are broken gradually,the strain hardening or strain softening can be observed and breakage bands are macroscopically formed in the end;the volumetric strain of the samples is always contractive but the lateral strain turns to be the laterally extensive gradually.

EXPERIMENT STUDY ON VIBRATION TO IMPROVE COLLAPSIBLE LOESS WITH DYNAMIC COMPACTION

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 2005, 24 (18): -3393 doi:
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Dynamic compaction was widely used to reinforce the collapsible loess foundation. But in urban areas or compression building areas,the vibration caused by this construction method may be effects the comfortableness of residents or damages the adjacent building structures. In this paper,the effect of vibration was tested to improve dynamic loess foundation with dynamic compaction in a typical collapsible loess site. The attenuation regularity of vibration wave in the ground of collapsible loess was concluded with regression method,and the influence on the adjacent buildings and the comfortableness of human body was analyzed. At the same time,the reasons and conditions of vibration-subsidence were analyzed. These results and regularities are compared with those of down hole dynamic compaction (DDC). The results of experiment and analysis demonstrate that the vibration caused by dynamic compaction is tremendous,but it¢s a swift attenuation;and it may influence the adjacent buildings and comfortableness of human body in some boundary,and may lead collapsible loess to vibration subsidence when the energy is high enough. So the effect of vibration on adjacent buildings and comfortableness of residents need to be paid attention to;and the construction parameters need to be controlled when constructing in urban areas or compression building areas.

GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF ROCKBURST IN LUJIALING TUNNEL AND ITS PRVENTION METHODS

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 2005, 24 (18): -3398 doi:
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The geological characters of rockburst in Lujialing tunnel depending on the data summarized with geological observation during tunneling are studied,and the rockburst qualities including scale position and geological conditions are analyzed. Then the mainly control factors of the rockburst which consists of rock-form,geological structure,geo-stress and groundwater have been discussed from the viewpoint of geological engineering. Finally,the prevention methods in accordance with geological qualification in Lujialing tunnel have been presented.
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