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2003, 22 (08): -0 doi:
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CALIBRATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR FOR NEW TYPE OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS SPECIMEN CCNBD
SUGGESTED BY ISRM

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2003, 22 (08): -1227 doi:
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[PDF 238 KB] (1409)

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International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) proposed in 1995 a new type of rock fracture toughness specimen —— cracked chevron notched Brazilian disk (CCNBD). However，the calibration of the dimensionless stress intensity factor，which is an important mechanical parameter，is still in question. To solve this problem，the in-depth research has been carried out，and the new and more accurate value for the calibration is obtained in this paper. After calculation of the dimensionless stress intensity factor of the CCNBD specimen，comprehensive comparison with previous reference values is performed. The result of this paper proves theoretically to be reasonable and reliable.

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DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF SAMPLES UNDER DIFFERENT LOADING PATHS

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2003, 22 (08): -1234 doi:
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[PDF 196 KB] (1003)

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In underground excavation conditions，rock often undergoes very complicated loading and unloading process. However，in laboratory tests on rock，such as normal triaxial test，the loads are usually exerted gradually and continuously，which cannot simulate the real stress state of rock precisely. The test data of triaxial test of red sandstone under different loading paths are presented and the impact of different loading path on the deformation of rock samples is analyzed. Unlike the test results under normal trixial procedures，the deformation of rock under different loading paths has nonlinear properties.

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STUDY OF 3D SIMULATION ON BREAKAGE FOR COAL
FLOOR IN MINING ABOVE AQUIFER

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2003, 22 (08): -1239 doi:
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[PDF 289 KB] (1034)

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By using the 3D solid-flow coupling simulation experiment equipment，the law of stress，displacement of coal floor of Dongshan Colliery in Taiyuan，during mining above aquifer is studied. A series of breaking down phenomena of coal floor is explained，and the influence factor on active coal floor summarized. The theoretical reference is provided for the study of the movement of the earth surface due to the mining.

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STUDY ON CT SCANNING OF HARBIN FROZEN SILTY CLAY
BEFORE AND AFTER DYNAMIC TRIAXIAL TEST

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2003, 22 (08): -1244 doi:
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[PDF 244 KB] (1092)

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In detail studied are the variety of characteristics of strength，micro-deformation mechanism and structure damage of frozen soil，and the relation among these variety of characteristics and the main influencing factors，such as temperature below 0℃ and static stress of test，water content，density of frozen soil，vibratory frequency and vibratory times of axial dynamic stress based on the CT scanning results of Harbin frozen silty clay before and after dynamic triaxial test.

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APPROACH TO OCCURRENCE AND MECHANISM OF ROCKBURST
IN DEEP UNDERGROUND MINES

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2003, 22 (08): -1250 doi:
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[PDF 279 KB] (1227)

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Rockburst is a kind of geological disaster attributed to dynamic instability. Based on the phenomena of both rock core disking and side wall scaling in cross-cut drift，which were found in the engineering geological drilling and the site investigation in Qilinchang Mining Area，Huize Lead-Zinc Mine，the basic patterns of rockburst in this mine are summed up，and the mechanism of rockburst is analyzed according to the results obtained from investigation and experiments. The study results provide an important basis for a reasonable selection of deep mining methods and the rockburst control.

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LIMITATIONS OF STATIC LOAD THEORY IN ROCKBURST RESEARCH AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON DYNAMICS
MECHANISM OF ROCKBURST

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2003, 22 (08): -1255 doi:
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[PDF 401 KB] (1307)

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It is found out that the limitations of static load theory in rock burst research are apparent by ways of analyzing the ratio of maximum tangential stress at the opening to the unconfined compressive strength，the spatial distribution of rockburst events，the stability of surrounding rocks of tunnels excavated with TBM and the super-deep holes. To the tunnels excavated with drill and blast tunneling，rockburst should be the results of cracks propagating extensively in the twinkling of an eye after the surrounding rocks under the state of anisotropic stress are disturbed repeatedly by stress waves resulting from blasting，instant unloading and rock bursting. This may be summarized as dynamics mechanisms of rockburst. The types of stress waves resulting from the unloading disturbance in other blasting rounds are the same as those stemming from blast-loading disturbance，that is，P wave，S wave and Rayleigh wave. The disturbance of P wave and Rayleigh wave on surrounding rocks is apparent. The properties，distribution and attenuation of P wave and Rayleigh wave can reasonably explain the effect of geostress on rockburst and the spatial distribution of rockburst events.

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NATURAL ELEMENT METHOD BASED ON LOCAL PETROV-GALERKIN PROCEDURE AND ITS OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

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2003, 22 (08): -1263 doi:
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[PDF 236 KB] (944)

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The local natural element method(LNEM) which can be used in the automatic analysis of geotechnical engineering problems is implemented for solving the elasticity problem. In LNEM，the whole interpolations are constructed with respect to the natural neighbour nodes and Voronoi tessellation of the given point，and a local weak form over the local Delaunay triangular sub-domain is used to obtain the discretized system of equilibrium equation. As a result，the numerical integration of the equilibrium equation can be analytically calculated at the center of the background triangular quadrature meshes. The design and management of the object about LNEM are also studied by abstracting the data and procedure of LNEM as auto-model building class，analysis class，control class，and other relevant classes and methods. Numerical results indicate that the theory and programs are accurate and effective.

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INFLUENCE OF SEEPAGE ON THE STABILITY OF ROCK SLOPE——COUPLING OF SEEPAGE AND DEFORMATION BY DDA METHOD

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2003, 22 (08): -1269 doi:
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[PDF 391 KB] (1095)

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Seepage is an important factor in the failure of rock slope. The extended discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is presented by considering the seepage in fracture network and the coupling of seepage and deformation of rock. The local safety factor along the given path can be calculated. By the extended DDA method，the failure process of a tunnel in Japan is simulated. It is shown that the direct reason of the failure is raining and icing，which raises the level of underground water and causes the propagation of fracture. The result agrees with the investigating conclusion by Accident Investigation Committee of Japan.

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MONITORING OF AND RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF PRESTRESSED CABLE ON REINFORCEMENT FOR JOINTED ROCK SLOPES

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2003, 22 (08): -1276 doi:
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[PDF 284 KB] (1110)

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Based on the construction and monitoring results of prestressed cables in the rock slope of the Three Gorges, the relationship between the real deformation and theoretical one of the cables under the action of prestress is presented. The change process and characteristics of the anchoring prestress are put forward. The reinforcing mechanism and influencing factors of anchoring effect with prestressed cables are analyzed.

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON DISPLACEMENT LAW OF UNDERGROUND BROKEN ROCK MASS

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2003, 22 (08): -1281 doi:
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[PDF 278 KB] (881)

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On the basis of the characteristics of surrounding broken rock mass of underground constructions，by using the program of‘discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)’，the changing law of influential factors on displacement of discontinuous broken rock mass is studied quantitatively for the first time. According to the results of computing，the concept of‘key part’of underground constructions and its stability criterion are brought forward. It is pointed out and it has been advanced that in tilted coal and rock seams，the‘key parts’of underground constructions are the floor and especially the upper side of surrounding rocks.

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON MECHANISM OF
DEFORMATION OF SEPARATED STRATA IN OVERBURDEN

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2003, 22 (08): -1287 doi:
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[PDF 237 KB] (950)

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The stress state and the production of the layer separation in overburden are studied. Based on the rock failure process analysis (RFPA) method，the balancing arch is simulated in overburden produced by material mining and the relation between the initial stress and the places in arch where the horizontal stress，the vertical stress and the shearing stress are concentrated. The research is a theoretical basis on calculation of the height and the range of the layer separation in overburden.

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON ATOMIZED RAIN INFILTRATION INTO CUSHION POOL SLOPE IN XILUODU PROJECT

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2003, 22 (08): -1291 doi:
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[PDF 222 KB] (878)

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With the analysis method of rainfall infiltration used for reference，a mathematical model for the analysis on atomized rain infiltration is established and a finite element program，SUSS3D is worked out. Based on the model experiment results of atomized rain infiltration and the possible efficacy of face protection measures of bank slope，12 kinds of analysis cases are drafted. Under these cases，numerical analysis on atomized rain infiltration of cushion pool slope in Xiluodu project is conducted by using the program SUSS3D. The results show that the atomized rain infiltration will produce temporary saturated region that is harmful to slope stability and lift the groundwater level. The size of temporary saturated region and the increment of groundwater level are sensitive to the efficacy of face protection measures，and the control of atomized rain infiltration should be paid great attention to.

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ANALYSIS ON GROUND SURFACE SUBSIDENCE OF METRO TUNNEL INDUCED BY SHIELD CONSTRUCTION

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2003, 22 (08): -1297 doi:
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[PDF 324 KB] (1898)

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On the basis of a certain section of tunnel of line No.2 of Guangzhou Metro，the analysis method is presented on ground surface subsidence induced by shield construction. By combining the analysis and comparison of the site measurement results，the surface subsidence patterns are summarized，and they have guiding significance for the construction in the future.

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STUDY OF DEEP SLIDING MODE OF DAM ROCK FOUNDATION INTERSECTED BY INVERSELY DIPPING DISCONTINUITIES

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2003, 22 (08): -1302 doi:
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[PDF 211 KB] (952)

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For high dam rock foundation intersected by inversely dipping discontinuities such as shear zones，faults，joints，etc，it is generally considered that its deep sliding mode is wedge sliding along the weak planes. By elasticity and finite element method analysis，a critical point with zero-shear stress is found existing on the inversely dipping discontinuity due to the joint action of water thrusts and the weight of dam and foundation rock masses. The distributions of shear stresses for the two portions of the discontinuity partitioned by the critical point are quite different，with the shear stresses at the downstream portion of the discontinuity pointing to free face while the shear stresses at the upstream portion pointing deeply into the dam foundation. The location of the critical point is influenced by multiple factors，including occurrence of inversely dipping discontinuity，configuration of dam body，water level，etc. The smaller the angle of the weak plane，and the larger the water level are，the closer the location of the critical point is to the plumb line through the dam heel，and vice versa. The preliminary study demonstrates that in general，there are two deep shear failure modes for high dam rock foundation intersected by inversely dipping discontinuities：one is wedge sliding along the weak plane，the other is sliding along the combined surfaces of the subsurface soft layer and the downstream portion of the discontinuity. In the scenario where the angle of the inversely dipping discontinuity becomes relatively large (e.g.，larger than 10°)，the wedge sliding along it is potentially impossible. Consequently，the combined sliding mode must be carefully considered in practical dam design. Not only can the analysis about the shear stress distribution along the inversely dipping discontinuity be used to determine the deep sliding mode of high dam foundation，but also can be taken as a theoretical basis for modification of the currently-used checking method for dam foundation stability against deep sliding.

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GIS BASED LANDSLIDE STABILITY AND HYDROLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION COUPLED MODEL

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2003, 22 (08): -1309 doi:
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[PDF 560 KB] (977)

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Rainfall and geomorphology play an important role in the landslide occurrence. Landslide stability and hydrological distribution coupled model built in this paper is a physical deterministic model that can be easily used in landslide hazard analysis and prediction in GIS. It couples the general limit equilibrium method and hydrological distribution model based on DEM. Comprehensive landslide stability analysis criteria is also established. The modeling results show high accuracy based on the model verification and validation.

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FORECAST MODEL FOR STABILITY OF LAYERED ROCKY
SLOPE BASED ON OBSERVED SHEAR DISPLACEMENT

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2003, 22 (08): -1315 doi:
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[PDF 214 KB] (856)

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Based on engineering characters and stability controlling factors of layered rocky slope，the distribu- tion characters of ground water in layered rocky slope are shown. The simulation method is proposed to simplify the effect of fissure water in aeration zone to slope stability as planar pressure discounted by hydrostatic discount rate. Then，the hydrostatic discount rate is taken as back-analysis parameter. 3D nonlinear FEM and the flexible tolerance optimization method are introduced to establish the forecast model for layered rocky slope based on observed shear displacement of potential slippage surface. This model has displayed satisfying results in Jiangyin Yangtze Bridge Project.

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PREDICTION OF RESOLUTION AND COMPOSITION OF MEASURED DISPLACEMENT DURING SLOPE EXCAVATION

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2003, 22 (08): -1320 doi:
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[PDF 163 KB] (893)

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The previous equilibrium state of the slope is upset because of excavation. Monitoring and analyzing displacement is one of the most important ways to ensure safety of the slope. Stage excavations bring different displacement regulations in the excavation and the non-excavation stage. To forecast the displacement values during stage excavation，a method based on survey displacement data and mathematical monitoring models is put forward in this paper to separate the displacement into two parts：creep displacement and instantaneous displacement by excavation. Both monitoring models are established. Then the displacement in next excavation stage can be forecasted by them in this way with the consideration of creep and excavation. Detailed approach and example are given，and can be used in actual stage excavation to forecast the displacement.

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VISUAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR SLOPE DISPLACEMENT
BASED ON MONITORED DATA

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2003, 22 (08): -1324 doi:
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[PDF 460 KB] (1133)

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A new visual analysis technique is presented for rock slope displacement. The presentation is based on the data obtained from the system for monitoring displacement at a hydropower station in South China. Database technique，3D displacement analysis model，and visualization analysis technique make up the core of this study. According to these techniques and methods，a set of software for slope displacement information system is developed.

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STABILITY EVALUATION OF AIRFIELD RUNWAY SUBGRADE CONTAINING EARTH CAVES AND KARST

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2003, 22 (08): -1329 doi:
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[PDF 305 KB] (874)

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There are some earth caves and karst in the airfield runway subgrade of some newly constructed airport，and the bearing capacity of the overburden soil in the subgrade is low. In order to access the stability of the airfield runway subgrade，the mechanical response of the subgrade with and without strengthening after the action of airplane gravity load is analyzed by using the layer-structure model and the elastoplastic finite element method. Under the action of the dynamic airplane load，the large plastic deformation takes place in the overburden soil of earth caves and karst of the subgrade without strengthening. The plastic zone appears around the caves，and the whole subgrade is in the unstable state. After the overburden soil of the subgrade is grouted，or the overburden soil of the subgrade，earth caves and karst are grouted，the displacements and the plastic zone there are greatly reduced，but there is still the plastic zone in the overburden soil of the subgrade，and the vertical deformation of the roadbed is quite large. Thus，other strengthening measures are proposed for the runway subgrade.

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RESEARCH ON STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHARING RATIO OF INTERNAL PRESSURE IN BEDROCK FOR EMBEDDED PENSTOCKS OF HYDROPOWER STATIONS

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2003, 22 (08): -1334 doi:
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[PDF 309 KB] (897)

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According to the need of revising the current power industry standard in China：“Design Code for Steel Penstocks of Hydropower Stations”，and the theory of structural reliability，research is made on the statistical characteristics of sharing ratio of internal pressure in bedrock for embedded penstocks of hydropower stations. The probability distribution function and the corresponding statistical parameters of sharing ratio of internal pressure in bedrock for embedded penstocks in terms of design reference period are determined by analyzing measured data collected respectively from domestic and foreign hydropower stations and adopting K-S and A-D test methods in statistical mathematics to make statistical analysis and distribution hypothesis verification. The test probability distribution function is testified to be the logarithm normal probability distribution. These results not only provide necessary basic data for the revision of the current steel penstocks code of China，but also have significant reference value to the design of embedded penstocks of hydropower stations.

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METHOD AND APPLICATION OF DIMENSION PREDICTION OF SUBLEVEL COAL FRAGMENTS

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2003, 22 (08): -1339 doi:
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[PDF 185 KB] (643)

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Based on the simulating technique of joint network of rock and coal mass，the calculation process and its formula of three-dimensional size of sublevel lump coal are put forward in the working face of sublevel coal caving mining. The evaluating method of drawability of sublevel coal，based on the dimension of sublevel coal fragment，and its corresponding index of classification are advanced. This method has advantage of objectivity，high reliability and is acceptable. And then the relation between fragment dimension of sublevel coal and fractal value is discussed.

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APPLICATION OF WAVELET NEURAL NETWORK BASED ON GEOLOGICAL STATISTICAL MODEL IN TO OVERBREAK PREDICTION OF UNDERGROUND OPENINGS

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2003, 22 (08): -1344 doi:
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[PDF 239 KB] (918)

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The prediction of block overbreak in the openings is based on the wavelet neural network of the geological statistical model. Firstly，several basic theories，including the theory of geological statistical model，the theory of wavelet neural network，the theory of the opening overbreak，are introduced. Secondly，according to these theories，the process of programming is introduced and the calculation programs are designed. In geological statistical model，the basic theories of probability and statistics are adopted. In wavelet neural network，Sigmoid function is used by wavelet neural network. Opening overbreak prediction gives the predicted volume of block according to the field survey parameters. Lastly，according to the field survey data in a pump-storage hydroplant，several theories are used to predict overbeak of several openings. The prediction result provides a basis to avoid or decrease overbreak.

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VIBROFLOTATION COMPACTION OF SILTY FINE SANDS WITHOUT ADDITIONAL BACKFILL MATERIALS

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2003, 22 (08): -1350 doi:
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[PDF 229 KB] (1388)

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Vibroflotation compaction is a comparably mature method for the improvement of cohesiveless soils，but it is seldom used to strengthen silty fine sands without additional stone aggregates because of some failure case histories. By means of innovative and modified construction techniques and parameters，the effectiveness of vibroflotation of saturated silty fine sands without additional backfill materials as well as related technical parameters are investigated. The aging effects of strength of sands after vibroflotation are also discussed. The in-situ test results indicate that the densification of silty fine sands have progressed to the state of medium compaction，and even to condense compaction state in some depths. Based on the successful in-situ experiment and large-scale practice of a container terminal in Shanghai，it is verified that vibroflotation compaction without the addition of stones is significantly efficient in strengthening silty fine sands with the new techniques and special construction process.

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STUDY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS FOR UNDERGROUND RESERVOIR INTER-SEEPAGE DAM IN PEBBLE BED

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2003, 22 (08): -1356 doi:
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[PDF 238 KB] (945)

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The construction of underground reservoir has become a good measurement and basic method to solve the water supply in the world，and the key of this engineering is the construction of underground inter-seepage dam. The project of the underground reservoir in littoral zone of the Yantai City is taken as a case study. Based on the analysis of ground condition of hydrogeology and engineering geology，the design parameters of the underground reservoir inter-seepage dam in pebble bed are studied. Two new structure types of the underground reservoir inter-seepage dam in pebble bed are proposed. Their structure characteristics are also analyzed. The construction parameters and quality control of the inter-seepage dam in pebble bed are discussed. Finally，the impervious effects are tested and analyzed.

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON AIRBORNE SUBSTANCES OF BLASTING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

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2003, 22 (08): -1361 doi:
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[PDF 675 KB] (973)

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Suzuki 2D diffusion model is modified and used to simulate the distribution characteristics of volcanic eruptive clastic sediment at Tianchi，Changbaishan. Furthermore，the influences of height of eruption column and wind velocity on the distribution of sediment are discussed. This simulation is useful in hazard prevention or evaluation of disaster in regions of volcanic activity or regions of potential volcanic activities. It is also meaningful for environment protection.

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COMPREHENSIVE DYNAMICAL CONTROL OF THE LANDSLIDE DISASTER AT THE NORTHERN ZHETOU MOUNTAIN

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2003, 22 (08): -1367 doi:
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[PDF 244 KB] (1144)

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According to the characteristics of landslide disaster at the northern section of Zhetou Mountain，there are two points worth mentioning. One is that the landslide first runs from shallow layer to middle layer and then to deep layer. The other is that the landslide movement is closely related to rainfall and other factors. Under the close monitoring of the landslide movement，the comprehensive dynamical control method has been used in curing. For nearly ten years，the landslide has been completely in a good condition.

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STUDY OF WORK MECHANISM FOR STEEL-PLATE
PILES IN LANDSLIDE

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2003, 22 (08): -1372 doi:
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[PDF 266 KB] (923)

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A new method is developed here to ensure the stability state of soil landslide by means of steel-plate piles. Two different ways are adopted for the analysis of work mechanism for steel-plate piles in the landslide. On the basis of the work mechanism of steel-plate piles，a new method is presented for searching the failure surfaces under limit shear situation in the landslide. A case study is conducted with limit equilibrium method and FEM. The numerical results are the same as the results of theoretical analysis. At the same time，the work mechanism of steel-plate piles could be expressed as following. The shape of slide surface is changed because of the existence of steel-plate piles in landslide，and the qualities of physical and mechanical parameters are improved indirectly because of the variation of shape of slide surface.

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FORMATION MECHANISM AND INITIAL CONDITION OF SOIL CAVITY

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2003, 22 (08): -1377 doi:
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The formation mechanism and factors affecting of soil cavity are analyzed. It is realized that super- hydrostatic pressure makes the soil block spalled and fissured，and hydrodynamic pressure makes soil fine grain migrated. Both actions induce the enlargement of soil cavity. The initial conditions of soil cavity formation，i. e.，the critical declined magnitude of water level ，critical water flowrate vcr and critical discharge Qcr are formulated.

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STUDY OF PEAK-PEAK PRECISION INVERSION FOR REFLECTED WAVE TESTING CURVES OF SINGLE DEFECT PILES

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2003, 22 (08): -1383 doi:
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[PDF 228 KB] (927)

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Based on theoretical calculation，physical interpretation and practical testing data，the precision of inversion of shaft defect locations by peak-peak reflected wave testing curves for single piles is studied. The results indicate that the precision mainly depends on the ratio of the defect length to the critical defect length defined in this paper when the wave velocity in the piles is accurate. If the ratio is more than or equal to 1，the inversion defect locations are close to the true ones. If the ratio is less than 1，the inversion depth of the upper defect surface is shallower，while that of the lower defect surface is deeper. The inversion defect length for piles with short defect becomes larger than real one because of the superimposition of upward tensile wave reflected by the upper surface and upward compressive wave reflected by the lower surface，and this is verified by practical testing data.

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CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL OF NEW-TYPE BRANCH PILE IN THE THIRD CONSTRUCTION STAGE OF FUYANG MARKET BUILDING

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2003, 22 (08): -1390 doi:
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[PDF 167 KB] (880)

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The pile technology of new-type branch pile applied in the third construction stage of Fuyang Market Building is introduced in this paper. It was found that the pile quality is affected by the factors like branch，hole bottom residue，floatability of the reinforcing cage，and so on.

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SPALLATION IN PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES

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2003, 22 (08): -1393 doi:
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[PDF 230 KB] (987)

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With the development of high and new technology，precision-guided weapon has become main weapon in modern wars，therefore the research on the effect of local damage by conventional weapons and the countermeasure have become important in protective engineering. Spallation belongs to local damage. There are still not many research articles in this field in our country. In this paper，the theoretical and experimental research results both at home and abroad are analyzed and summed up. The future research direction and protection technique are discussed.

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TSP APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN TUNNEL LEAD FORECAST

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2003, 22 (08): -1399 doi:
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[PDF 181 KB] (1808)

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The basic principles of tunnel seismic prospecting TSP-202(tunnel lead geological forecast system)，the technical conditions，the technical problems which can be resolved in tunnel lead forecast，the application effects，and the attainable technical indices are presented. The development of TSP interpretation technique in the Bridge and Tunnel Construction Geotechnic Institute of Shijiazhuang Railway College is also introduced through practical examples. The economic effects of TSP are analyzed，and the existing problems and the solution approaches are discussed，too.

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DEVELOPMENT AND ANTI-SEISMIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON NEW TYPE OF RIGID CONNECTION OF STEEL GIRGER AND REINFORCED CONCRETE PIER

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2003, 22 (08): -1403 doi:
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STABILITY STUDY OF MINED-OUT AREAS AND RECOVERY OF RESIDUAL PILLARS IN ROCKY GOLD MINE

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2003, 22 (08): -1404 doi:
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[PDF 0 KB] (637)

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