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| PRIMARY FAILURE TYPES AND THEIR FAILURE MECHANISMS OF DEEP BURIED AND INTACT MARBLE AT JINPING II HYDROPOWER STATION |
| (1. School of Civil Engineering，Yantai University，Yantai，Shandong 264005，China；2. Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education，Beijing University of Technology，Beijing 100124，China) |
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Abstract Based on field investigation for tunnels at Jinping II Hydropower Station，four primary failure types of deep buried marble are classified and their failure mechanisms are analyzed：(1) The first one is tensile slabbing rockburst. The rock mass near tunnel wall is slabbed due to unloading of excavation；at the same time，the elastic strain energy is stored in the slabs. Then，when the strain energy is stored sufficiently，the energy is released suddenly and the rockburst occurs. (2) The second one is tensile slabbing spalling. The rock mass near tunnel wall is slabbed due to unloading of excavation. Then，the slabs bend to inner of the tunnel and break. At last，the instabilities of slabs appear and they collapse down from the tunnel wall. (3) The third one is shear rock burst. A potential wedge of rock is formed in the rock mass near the tunnel wall because of the shearing action；and at the same time，the elastic strain energy is stored in the wedge. Then，the wedge is pushed out from the tunnel wall and the rockburst occurs when the shear stress on the potential shear surface exceeds the shear strength of the rock mass. (4) The last one is shear spalling. A wedge of rock is formed in the rock mass near the tunnel wall. Then，the wedge is detaching gradually from the tunnel wall，and at last，the wedge collapse down from the bottom of the tunnel. The four failure types may occur separately or combinatorially. The occurrence frequency of tensile failure is higher than that of shear failure. The failure classification of deep buried marble is useful for understanding the failure mechanisms of depth buried and intact hard rock mass and tunnel support design.
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Received: 20 November 2010
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2011, Vol. 30 
