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Abstract The tests to study the development of internal micro-structure and the distribution of new surface fractures of coal samples under impact loads were performed with the drop hammer impact test equipment for coal and the ultrasonic detection device. The effect of dynamic loads on the development of internal structure of coal was analyzed. The results show that the development of the internal micro-structure of coal is related to the number of impacts，energy of a single impacting，sequence of impact energy，accumulative effect of impact energy，etc. Both the internal micro-structure and the newly developed surface fractures propagate anisotropically. The influence is larger along the impact direction than perpendicular to the direction. When the energy of a single impacting is constant，the total quantity of the internal micro-structure of coal has a trend of rapid increasing， gentle development and sharp increasing with increase of the impact number. The total quantity of internal micro-structure of coal increases exponentially as the energy of a single impacting increases，and the localized distribution of new developed surface fractures of coal is also more significant. The development of the internal micro-structure of coal is more sensitive under the decreasing cyclic loading than in increasing process. The accumulative effect of impact loads on the development of internal micro-structure is nonlinear，and shows a decreasing trend after the first increase. The accumulative effect of impact loads cannot be only simply considered due to the increasing of impact energy. The absorption rate of impact energy of coal decreases as the increase of the impact energy. The accumulative effect of the smaller single impact energy on internal micro-structure of coal is greater than the effect caused by the equivalent larger single impact energy.
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