CO2注入诱发盐沉淀对渗透率的影响机制：可视化试验和场地模拟

doi:10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0357

Abstract
Figure/Table
References (0)
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (2726 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract Salt precipitation in fractured rock is a significant area of research within underground energy engineering. The injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifers leads to the evaporation of formation water, which causes salt crystals to precipitate in fractures, thereby significantly reducing storage efficiency. To elucidate the impact of this process on CO2 injection, this study integrates laboratory visualization with numerical simulation. A self-developed visualization setup was utilized, employing rough glass to construct transparent fracture models and simulating salt precipitation induced by gas injection into brine-filled fractures. Various injection rates (Q = 10–1 000 mL/min) were tested to evaluate spatial precipitation patterns. At low flow rates, localized ex situ precipitation was observed, while higher flow rates resulted in homogeneous precipitation. Based on these observations, the mechanisms governing the evolution of fracture permeability for each precipitation pattern were identified, and a power-law model for permeability changes was developed. This permeability evolution model was incorporated into the TOUGH3 simulator and applied to the Illinois Basin CO2 storage project. The classic tubes-in-series model was found to overestimate clogging risk, whereas the power-law evolution model demonstrated a closer alignment with field measurements. These findings establish a direct relationship between laboratory-scale precipitation patterns and field-scale spatial variability, providing scientific support for optimizing CO2 injection conditions. This work systematically reveals the impact mechanism of salt precipitation on reservoir permeability from three aspects: visualization experiments, permeability evolution models, and numerical simulations, to provide scientific support for the optimization of CO2 geological sequestration injection conditions.

Key words： rock mechanics salt precipitation precipitation pattern visualization experiment permeability CO? geological storage

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	CHEN Xusheng1
	2
	HU Ran1
	2
	YANG Zhibing1
	2
	CHEN Yifeng1
	2

Cite this article:

CHEN Xusheng1,2,HU Ran1, et al. Effects of CO2 injection?induced salt precipitation on permeability: Visualization experiments and field simulations#br#[J]. , 2025, 44(11): 2959-2974.

URL:

https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/EN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0357 OR https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/EN/Y2025/V44/I11/2959

[1] ANDERSON S，NEWELL R. Prospects for carbon capture and storage technologies [J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources，2004，29(1)：109–142.
[2] CELIA M A. Geological storage of captured carbon dioxide as a large-scale carbon mitigation option[J]. Water Resources Research，2017，53(5)：3 527–3 533.
[3] LI Y，YU Q. Rock-core scale modeling of initial water saturation effects on CO2 breakthrough pressure in CO2 geo-sequestration[J]. Journal of Hydrology，2020，580：124234.
[4] 李琦，刘桂臻，李小春，等. 多维度视角下CO2捕集利用与封存技术的代际演变与预设[J]. 工程科学与技术，2022，54(1)：157–166.(LI Qi，LIU Guizhen，LI Xiaochun，et al. Intergenerational evolution and presupposition of CCUS technology from a multidimensional perspective[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences，2022，54(1)：157–166.(in Chinese))
[5] 李小春，方志明，魏宁，等. 我国CO2捕集与封存的技术路线探讨[J]. 岩土力学，2009，30(9)：2 674–2 678.(LI Xiaochun，FANG Zhiming，WEI Ning，et al. Discussion on technical roadmap of CO2 capture and storage in China[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2009， 30(9)：2 674–2 678.(in Chinese))
[6] KIESSLING D，SCHMIDT-HATTENBERGER C，SCHUETT H，et al. Geoelectrical methods for monitoring geological CO2 storage：First results from cross-hole and surface-downhole measurements from the CO2 SINK test site at Ketzin(Germany)[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2010，4(5)：816–826.
[7] PRESTON C，MONEA M，JAZRAWI W，et al. IEA GHG Weyburn CO2 monitoring and storage project[J]. Fuel Processing Technology，2005，86(14/15)：1 547–1 568.
[8] TORP T A，GALE J. Demonstrating storage of CO2 in geological reservoirs：The Sleipner and SACS projects[J]. Energy，2004，29(9/10)：1 361–1 369.
[9] MALDAL T，TAPPEL I M. CO2 underground storage for Snøhvit gas field development[J]. Energy，2004，29(9/10)：1 403–1 411.
[10] 谢健，张可霓，胡立堂. 神华鄂尔多斯CO2地质封存场地多井并注模拟初探[J]. 北京师范大学学报：自然科学版，2015，51(6)： 636–642.(XIE Jian，ZHANG Keni，HU Litang. Numerical investigation of geological CO2 storage with multiple injection wells for the Shenhua Ordos CCS project[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University：Natural Science，2015，51(6)：636–642.(in Chinese))
[11] 匡冬琴，李琦，王永胜，等. 神华碳封存示范项目中CO2注入分布模拟[J]. 岩土力学，2014，35(9)：2 623–2 633.(KUANG Dongqin，LI Qi，WANG Yongsheng，et al. Numerical simulation of distribution of migration of CO2 in Shenhua carbon capture and storage demonstration project[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2014，35(9)：     2 623–2 633.(in Chinese))
[12] 杨春和，王同涛. 深地储能研究进展[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2022，41(9)：1 729–1 759.(YANG Chunhe，WANG Tongtao. Advance in deep underground energy storage[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2022，41(9)：1 729–1 759.(in Chinese))
[13] 于恩毅，邸元，吴辉，等. CO2地质封存风险分析的多场耦合数值模拟技术综述[J]. 力学学报，2023，55(9)：2 075–2 090.(YU Enyi，DI Yuan，WU Hui，et al. Numerical simulation on risk analysis of CO2 geological storage under multi-field coupling：A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics，2023，55(9)：2 075–2 090.(in Chinese))
[14] 刘思楠，张力为，苏学斌，等. 二氧化碳咸水层封存条件矿物溶解与沉淀化学反应建模与参数取值综述[J]. 水利水电技术，2020，51(11)：13–22.(LIU Sinan，ZHANG Liwei，SU Xuebin，et al. Review on modeling and parameter selection for chemical reactions of mineral dissolution and precipitation under the condition of CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers[J]. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering，2020，51(11)：13–22.(in Chinese))
[15] BAUMANN G，HENNINGES J，DE LUCIA M. Monitoring of saturation changes and salt precipitation during CO2 injection using pulsed neutron-gamma logging at the Ketzin pilot site[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2014，28：134–146.
[16] GRUDE S，DVORKIN J P，CLARK A C，et al. Pressure effects caused by CO2 injection in the Snøhvit Field[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，27：178–187.
[17] 赵常，何想，胡冉，等. 微生物矿化动力学理论与模拟[J]. 岩土工程学报，2022，44(6)：1 096–1 105.(ZHAO Chang，HE Xiang，HU Ran，et al. Kinetic theory and numerical simulation of biomineralization[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2022，44(6)：1 096–1 105.(in Chinese)).
[18] OTT H，ROELS S M，DE KLOE K. Salt precipitation due to supercritical gas injection：I. Capillary-driven flow in unimodal sandstone[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2015，43：247–255.
[19] OTT H，SNIPPE J，DE KLOE K. Salt precipitation due to supercritical gas injection：II. Capillary transport in multi porosity rocks[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2021，105：103233.
[20] PEYSSON Y，ANDRÉ L，AZAROUAL M. Well injectivity during CO2 storage operations in deep saline aquifers—Part 1：Experimental investigation of drying effects，salt precipitation and capillary forces[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2014，22：291–300.
[21] ROELS S M，OTT H，ZITHA P L J. μ-CT analysis and numerical simulation of drying effects of CO2 injection into brine-saturated porous media[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2014，27：146–154.
[22] HE D，JIANG P，XU R. Pore-scale experimental investigation of the effect of supercritical CO2 injection rate and surface wettability on salt precipitation[J]. Environmental Science and Technology，2019，53(24)：14 744–14 751.
[23] MIRI R，VAN NOORT R，AAGAARD P，et al. New insights on the physics of salt precipitation during injection of CO2 into saline aquifers[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control，2015，43：10–21.
[24] 胡冉，钟翰贤，陈益峰. 变开度岩体裂隙多相渗流实验与有效渗透率模型[J]. 力学学报，2023，55(2)：543–553.(HU Ran，ZHONG Hanxian，CHEN Yifeng. Experiments and effective permeability model for multiphase flow in rock fractures with variable apertures[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics，2023，55(2)：543–553.(in Chinese)).
[25] 胡冉，陈益峰，万嘉敏，等. 超临界CO2–水两相流与CO2毛细捕获：微观孔隙模型实验与数值模拟研究[J]. 力学学报，2017，49(3)：638–648.(HU Ran，CHEN Yifeng，WAN Jiamin，et al. Supercritical CO? water displacements and CO? capillary trapping：Micromodel experiment and numerical simulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics，2017，49(3)：638–648.(in Chinese)).
[26] 胡少华，周佳庆，陈益峰，等. 岩石粗糙裂隙非线性渗流特性试验研究[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2017，13(1)：48–56.(HU Shaohua，ZHOU Jiaqing，CHEN Yifeng，et al. Laboratory research on nonlinear flow behavior of rough fractures[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2017，13(1)：48–56.(in Chinese)).
[27] 周创兵，熊文林. 岩石节理的渗流广义立方定理[J]. 岩土力学，1996，17(4)：1–7.(ZHOU Chuangbing，XIONG Wenlin. A generalized cubic law for percolation in rock joints[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，1996，17(4)：1–7.(in Chinese)).
[28] HU R，WANG T，YANG Z，et al. Dissolution hotspots in fractures[J]. Geophysical Research Letters，2021，48(20)：e2021GL094118.
[29] NOORAIEPOUR M，FAZELI H，MIRI R，et al. Effect of CO2 phase states and flow rate on salt precipitation in shale caprocks—A microfluidic study[J]. Environmental Science and Technology，2018，52(10)：6 050–6 060.
[30] GRIMMLIMA M，SCHÄDLE P，GREEN C P，et al. Permeability impairment and salt precipitation patterns during CO2 injection into single natural brine-filled fractures[J]. Water Resources Research，2020，56(8)：e2020WR027213.
[31] MOHAMED I M M，NASR-EL-DIN H A. A. Fluid/Rock interactions during CO2 sequestration in deep saline carbonate aquifers：laboratory and modeling studies[J]. SPE Journal，2013，18(3)：468–485.
[32] KIM M，SELL A，SINTON D. Aquifer-on-a-Chip：understanding pore-scale salt precipitation dynamics during CO2 sequestration[J]. Lab on a Chip，2013，13(13)：2 508–2 518.
[33] HO T H M，TSAI P A. Microfluidic salt precipitation：implications for geological CO2 storage[J]. Lab on a Chip，2020，20(20)：3 806–      3 814.
[34] VERMA A，PRUESS K. Thermohydrological conditions and silica redistribution near high-level nuclear wastes emplaced in saturated geological formations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research：Solid Earth，1988，93(B2)：1 159–1 173.
[35] PRUESS K，SPYCHER N. ECO2N—A fluid property module for the TOUGH2 code for studies of CO2 storage in saline aquifers[J]. Energy Conversion and Management，2007，48(6)：1 761–1 767.
[36] BACCI G，KORRE A，DURUCAN S. Experimental investigation into salt precipitation during CO2 injection in saline aquifers[J]. Energy Procedia，2011，4：4 450–4 456.
[37] GIORGIS T，CARPITA M，BATTISTELLI A. 2D modeling of salt precipitation during the injection of dry CO2 in a depleted gas reservoir[J]. Energy Conversion and Management，2007，48(6)：      1 816–1 826.
[38] RUFAI A，CRAWSHAW J. Effect of wettability changes on evaporation rate and the permeability impairment due to salt deposition[J]. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry，2018，2(4)：320–329.
[39] DETWILER R L，PRINGLE S E，GLASS R J. Measurement of fracture aperture fields using transmitted light：An evaluation of measurement errors and their influence on simulations of flow and transport through a single fracture[J]. Water Resources Research，1999，35(9)：2 605–2 617.
[40] CHEN Y F，FANG S，WU D S，et al. Visualizing and quantifying the crossover from capillary fingering to viscous fingering in a rough fracture：crossover capillary to viscous fingering[J]. Water Resources Research，2017，53(9)：7 756–7 772.
[41] CHEN X S，HU R，GUO W，et al. Experimental observation of two distinct finger regimes during miscible displacement in fracture[J]. Transport in Porous Media，2022，144(1)：175–188.
[42] HU R，ZHOU C，WU D，et al. Roughness control on multiphase flow in rock fractures[J]. Geophysical Research Letters，2019，46(21)：    12 002–12 011.
[43] SCHEIDEGGER A E. The physics of flow through porous media[M]. 3rd ed. Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1957：101–102.
[44] CHUOKE R L，VAN MEURS P，VAN DER POEL C. The instability of slow，immiscible，viscous liquid-liquid displacements in permeable media[J]. Transactions of the AIME，1959，216(1)：188–194.
[45] TANG Y，YANG R，DU Z，et al. Experimental study of formation damage caused by complete water vaporization and salt precipitation in sandstone reservoirs[J]. Transport in Porous Media，2015，107(1)：205–218.
[46] ARMSTRONG R，AJO-FRANKLIN J. Investigating biomineralization using synchrotron based X-ray computed microtomography[J]. Geophysical Research Letters，2011，38(8)：L08406.
[47] DADDA A，GEINDREAU C，EMERIAULT F，et al. Characterization of microstructural and physical properties changes in biocemented sand using 3D X-ray microtomography[J]. Acta Geotechnica，2017，12(5)：955–970.
[48] KONSTANTINOU C，WANG Y，BISCONTIN G. A systematic study on the influence of grain characteristics on hydraulic and mechanical performance of MICP-treated porous media[J]. Transport in Porous Media，2023，147(2)：305–330.
[49] WEINHARDT F，DENG J，HOMMEL J，et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of precipitates and mineral phase transition during biomineralization affect porosity-permeability relationships：Microfluidic investigations[J]. Transport in Porous Media，2022，143(2)：527– 549.
[50] ZHAO C，XIAO Y，CHU J，et al. Microfluidic experiments of biological CaCO3 precipitation in transverse mixing reactive environments[J]. Acta Geotechnica，2023，18(10)：5 299–5 318.
[51] BAEK S，HONG J，KIM K Y，et al. X‐Ray Computed microtomography imaging of abiotic carbonate precipitation in porous media from a supersaturated solution：insights into effect of CO2 mineral trapping on permeability[J]. Water Resources Research，2019，55(5)：3 835–3 855.
[52] CIL M B，XIE M，PACKMAN A I，et al. Solute mixing regulates heterogeneity of mineral precipitation in porous media[J]. Geophysical Research Letters，2017，44(13)：6 658–6 666.
[53] NOIRIEL C. Resolving time-dependent evolution of pore-scale structure，permeability and reactivity using X-ray microtomography[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry，2015，80(1)：247–285.
[54] ZEKRI A Y，SHEDID S A. The effect of fracture characteristics on reduction of permeability by asphaltene precipitation in carbonate formation[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering，2004，42(2/4)：171–182.
[55] SPÄTH M，NESTLER B. Permeability evolution in open fractures during precipitation and dissolution—A phase-field study[J]. Advances in Water Resources，2023，182：104563.
[56] CHEN X S，HU R，ZHOU C X，et al. Quantifying regime transition of mineral precipitation in a microfluidic fracture[DB/OL]. (2024-10-19) [2025-05-26]. https：//doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27256590.v1.
[57] TARTAKOVSKY A M，REDDEN G，LICHTNER P C，et al. Mixing-induced precipitation：Experimental study and multiscale numerical analysis[J]. Water Resources Research，2008，44(6)：W06S04.
[58] STRANDLI C W，MEHNERT E，BENSON S M. CO2 Plume tracking and history matching using multilevel pressure monitoring at the Illinois Basin-Decatur Project[J]. Energy Procedia，2014，63：4 473–4 484.
[59] PANNO S V，HACKLEY K C，LOCKE R A，et al. Formation waters from Cambrian-age strata，Illinois Basin，USA：Constraints on their origin and evolution[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta，2013，122：184–197.
[60] SENEL O，WILL R，BUTSCH R J. Integrated reservoir modeling at the Illinois Basin-Decatur Project[J]. Greenhouse Gases：Science and Technology，2014，4(5)：662–684.
[61] FINLEY R J. An overview of the Illinois Basin-Decatur Project[J]. Greenhouse Gases：Science and Technology，2014，4(5)：571–579.
[62] LUU K，SCHOENBALL M，OLDENBURG C M，et al. Coupled hydromechanical modeling of induced seismicity from CO2 injection in the Illinois Basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research：Solid Earth，2022，127(5)：e2021JB023496.
[63] BERGER P M，YOKSOULIAN L，FREIBURG J T，et al. Carbon sequestration at the Illinois Basin-Decatur Project：experimental results and geochemical simulations of storage[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences，2019，78(22)：646.
[64] 谢健，魏宁，吴礼舟，等. CO2地质封存泄漏研究进展[J]. 岩土力学，2017，38(增1)：181–188.(XIE Jian，WEI Ning，WU Lizhou，et al. Progress in leakage study of geological CO2 storage[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2017，38(Supp.1)：181–188.(in Chinese))
[65] MUALEM Y. A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J]. Water Resources Research，1976，12(3)：513–522.
[66] VAN GENUCHTEN M Th. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal，1980，44(5)：892–898.
[67] 陈博文，王锐，李琦，等. CO2地质封存盖层密闭性研究现状与进展[J]. 高校地质学报，2023，29(1)：85–99.(CHEN Bowen，WANG Rui，LI Qi，et al. Status and advances of research on caprock sealing properties of CO2 geological storage[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities，2023，29(1)：85–99.(in Chinese))