中英文目录

Tasi River Hydraulic Project is located in the “Shimen” gorge section in the middle stream of Tasi River in Manasi County，Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The U-shaped gorge is approximately 350 m long and 70–80 m width at bottom. The RCC arch dam is 109 m in height with a crest length of 176.5 m. The thickest part at the intrados is 31 m. The bank and riverbed are comprised of caesious and red rudite. The result of uniaxial tests shows that the behavior of soft rock changes when immersed. While soaked，the red rudite¢s deformation modulus drops to 3 GPa from 15 GPa at drying regime. Besides the large decrease of deformation modulus，swelling follows because of water absorbing. The dilatancies of soft rock are measured in liberty or compression condition. Even in compression the soft rock still swells while soaked；and the swelling deformation is comparable in magnitude to the deformation caused by the compression stress. Therefore，the swelling deformation cannot be ignored. Its effect on the deformation distribution of the arch ring will also be presented in the paper. Different processes will lead to different results. In the first scenario where the rock is soaked before the arch dam is built，only the low deformation moduli at different stress status will be considered. In the second scenario where the rock is soaked after the arch dam is built，the effect on dilatancies of soft rock will also be included. In the second scenario，the stress distribution may be inverted and thus pose a great danger to the arch dam. It is also shown that the Tasi River Hydraulic Project is close to the first scenario by analyzing its in-situ observation data. The arch dam safety will be improved by building curtain walls to maintain the water content in the rock. The effect of water should be taken into account in addition to the initial stress field in the practical situation during the design of arch dam on soft rock.

As a reinforcing material，the geosynthetics is widely used in engineering practice to strengthen the foundation，slope，road，pavement，crushed-stone column，etc.. However，the study on the reinforcement mechanism and the relevant design theory are much backward relative to the engineering application. As a result，the development of reinforcement technology was interfered. The need for studying the interaction behavior between geosynthetic and soil has been realized by Chinese engineers. This paper firstly presents some typical views on the reinforcement mechanism in China. Based on the analysis of those views，the author realized that all the mechanism of reinforcement can be divided into two aspects：(1) the direct reinforcement effect，which is resulted from the contact surface between soil and reinforcement material；and (2) the indirect reinforcement effect，which is resulted from the “composite” soil adjacent to the contact-face. Both effects have the functions of improving rigidity，re-distributing stress and strain fields，changing the failure mode of soil，etc.，particularly，the mechanism associated with shear-band in the soil adjacent to contact-face is discussed. Thereafter，some results from laboratory tests，modeling tests and field observation are presented to show the reasonableness of this new point of mechanics.

Plane strain test is an early-developed，relatively widely-studied，yet immature test. The fact that this method is still applied recently in many fields shows that it is still an important test method. This paper first reviewed plane strain test research history at home and abroad，and features and defects of each main type of the apparatus were explained，showing that it is still necessary to make improvement on the test accuracy and reliability of the apparatus to solve the friction problem，confinement effect and bedding error etc. On such a purpose，this paper makes improvement in the apparatus structure，measuring method，control accuracy and data treatment when carrying out plane strain test. Friction is minimized by adopting a device for loading intermediate principal stress，whose centre is kept at the same level in axial compression and accuracy in measuring the vertical stress is improved. Rubber sleeve pasted with silicon grease is used to solve the paradox of friction problem and bedding error. A gap sensor is used to improve measurement of the deformation of specimen，and measured data is treated in a way bedding error can be eliminated. More important，control accuracy of intermediate strain is studied by compensating the deformation of rubber sleeve，which is important in improving the test accuracy. Experiment on sand is carried out after checking the influence of each factor on the test result，deformation property and strength parameter is compared with the result of traditional test apparatus. The result in turn shows the accuracy and reliability of the improved apparatus. Then，based on failure criterion obtained by the test apparatus and equation between principal stresses under plane strain condition，the relationship between strength parameters of plane strain state and trixial compression state is derived；comparison is also made with other references.

The roof and side of fully-mechanized caving roadway are coal body or coal pillar which cause the stability problem extremely prominent. The fully-mechanized caving roadway of Nantun Colliery is set as the prototype，its surrounding rock stability problem is analyzed by numerical simulation with distinct element method and the variable and time series that describe system dynamic state are collected. The chaos and dynamic feature of the surrounding rock system are studied based on the power spectrum analysis，extraction of fractal dimension and calculation of maximum Lyapunov exponent. The deformation mechanic process of fully-mechanized caving surrounding rock is chaos dynamic process which is sensitive to initial factors；the pillar width and support condition have great effect on surrounding rock displacement，stress and damage area. The power spectrum has the feature of continuation，noise background and wide peak，the correlation dimension value is fraction and maximum Lyapunov exponent is generally greater than zero when the pillar width less than 3 m；the system would be in a chaos motion state at present. When the pillar width is 3–4 m and after bolt support，the wide peak feature of power spectrum vanished and the frequency spectrum is not profuse；the correlation dimension value is fraction but maximum Lyapunov exponent changes from positive to negative；system state changes from chaos motion to normal motion；this status is an inflection point of system dynamic state transformation. When the pillar width larger than 5 m，system will be in normal motion state. The reasonable pillar width is 3–5 m. The chaos dynamic feature of fully-mechanized caving roadway can be evaluated according to the application of power spectrum analysis and maximum Lyapunov exponent method.

The soft rock material-cement mortars are used during the moisture and heat transfer experiment. The two different kinds of soft rock materials are experimented in the open system with temperature gradient，and the results show：(1) the degree of the moisture and heat transfer is different between the different soft rock materials，the content of quartz mineral in the sample is higher，the redistributing time of the temperature field is longer；(2) the gradient of temperature is the main driving power of the moisture transfer，the gradient is higher and the moisture field redistributes quicker；and (3) the porosity ratio is higher and the process of freezing is longer.

By analysing the stress state，deformation and failure of rock mass around tunnels at a variety of stages and at multi-level of stresses，the volumetric deformation state and its consequences are exhibited for the maximum supporting pressure zone. The relationships are derived between the condition for the occurrence of zonal disintegration phenomenon in deep rocks and the initial rock stresses，the total deformation process of rocks，and in special，the residual strengths of rocks at post-peak stresses. According to the condition for the occurrence of zonal disintegration phenomenon，a criterion is proposed for defining the shallow and the deep rock engineering：the shallow rock engineering corresponds to the depth to which the rock mass within the maximum supporting pressure zone does not fail；and the reverse is true for the deep rock engineering.

Middle expansive soil should be treated before filled into roadbed because it will expand and soften remarkably after wetted and its CBR will be lower than 3%. The wrapping method for middle expansive soil embankment has been demonstrated，in which the slope stability，strength and deformation of subgrade，and damp preservation action of lime stabilized wrapping soil for middle expansive soil wrapping embankment have been analyzed. The analyses indicate that the wrapping layer for middle expansive soil embankment improves its stability on slopes，and the slopes are characterized by shallow and deep stability under wrapping condition，the middle expansive soils within embankment possess higher intensity and lower deformation；wrapping layer on side of embankment possesses the good damp preservation and anti-weathering effect. The wrapping scheme for middle expansive soil embankment has been suggested and verified by site experiment. The testing verifies that the wrapping scheme for middle expansive soil embankment can withstand weathering and guarantee the stability of subgrade.

The Potala Palace is one of the most famous cultural heritages in the world. The West Scripture Printing Hall is an important part of the Potala Palace. This paper focuses on describing the investigation on the stability of the West Scripture Printing Hall. Base on the detailed measured data and engineering geological exploration，the characteristics and mechanisms of deformation of the West Scripture Printing Hall have been analyzed. The three-dimensional simulation technique has been applied to analyze the differential subsidence pattern of the West Scripture Printing Hall under the structural load. Furthermore，the damage mechanisms of the structure under the gravity and earthquake load have been achieved. The principle of qualitative zoning assessment to the stability of the structure has also been confirmed. The results of analysis show that the behaviors of the damage and deformation characteristics of the West Scripture Printing Hall under the seismic load and gravity are proved to be very helpful to structural protection analysis and damage control approaches selection.

Geological materials are nonhomogeneous，which should be considered when breakage mechanism of geomaterials is investigated. Under the theoretical framework of breakage mechanics for geological materials，the geomaterials are conceptualized as binary medium consisting of bonded elements and frictional elements，which are idealized as elastic-brittle element and elastoplastic element respectively in the mesoscopical scale. During the loading process，the bonded element gradually fracturing and turning to be the frictional element can simulating the breakage process of geomaterials. Lastly the numerical tests of uniaxial compression under plane strain conditions are performed. The numerical examples show that the mesoscopical finite element method based on the binary-medium model for geomaterials can simulate satisfactorily the breakage processes and deformational properties of the geological materials.

Rock engineering hazards are closely related to unstable failure of rocks. Numerical analysis of rock failure process of large-scale rock engineering needs effective，accurate and powerful computation，while traditional serial computation becomes incapable to solve these large-scale rock failure problems；and it is necessary to employ large-scale parallel computation technology. Rock failure process analysis(RFPA) code is one of the important numerical tools that can be used to investigate rock failure process. Based on the serial code of RFPA3D，a parallel computation model of rock failure process analysis is proplsed. We complete parallel stress analysis module of RFPA3D using finite element method on a cluster and integrate it with pre-processing and post-processing of RFPA3D installed on windows pc. The parallel program is performed using a distributed memory sparse linear iterative solver with preconditioning based on MPI(message passing interface). The linear solver is fully parallel，working with sub-domains determined by domain decomposition parallel algorithms. Numerical tests demonstrate that this parallel program is robust and has very high performance as expected. The parallel RFPA3D system can be used to quickly fulfill rock failure process analysis of model with more than ten millions of degrees of freedom on a 32-node cluster with 64-CPU. With the application of the RFPA3D-Parallel system to simulate the fracture spacing phenomenon in the medium of earth crust，failure process and fracture evolution in heterogeneous medium like rock are revealed；and it indicates the broad potential application of the system.

Recent years，more and larger，even huge underground projects are under planning，designing and construction in China，as well as in the world. Besides the numerical simulation，physical and geomechanical model tests have been putting on the agenda to meet engineering request. As a new structure form of highway tunnel，the theory of double-arch tunnel is still primary up to now. According to the similar principle of elastic theory，a model test simulating the excavation stage of double-arch tunnel was carried out with the background of a double-arch tunnel being constructed in the Yuanjiang—Mouhei Expressway，Yunnan Province. The model tests for double-arch tunnel，in the past，were mostly two-dimensional or three-dimensional in small size. In those model tests，the displacements were not measured in real deformation field，or even used simply dial indicator，displacement sensor，strain-gauge transducer，etc.，which is incomplete because the full deformation field can not be obtained by those methods. In present paper applied with earth-pressure cell，digital camera and settlement plate，the distributions of stresses and displacements in the wall rock mass were measured during the tunnel excavation. 3D fast Lagrangian element method is applied to simulate the excavation of double-arch tunnel. The distributions of stresses，displacements and plastic zones in the wall rock mass of double-arch tunnel were obtained；and the result is in good agreement with that of model test. Some valuable results were concluded finally.

In order to model excavation of mine and stability of pillar induced by dynamic loading under 2D state of stress in deep mining，by way of combining 1D horizontal static loading device made by self and Instron electro-hydraulic and servo-controlled material testing machine，test for failure of red sandstone subjected to 2D static-dynamic coupling loading is performed；and the basic law and characteristics on failure of red sandstone under constant dynamic load and different horizontal static loads and different vertical loads are studied. It is indicated that the applied static stress has influence on the dynamic static coupling failure strength，elastic module and Poisson¢s ratio. The results show that in the range of elasticity of rock the original fracture occurrence of rock may lag，but beyond elastic limit of rock the original fracture occurrence of rock may advance because of static stress. In addition，applied static stress influences failure pattern of rock specimen；for example，macroscopic fracture of rock specimen may occur in the direction of static stress. These theoretical and experimental gists are provided to analyze mining in deep mining and stability of pillar.

The movement and breakage of top coal，especially its internal micro-fracture extension，are closely related to the movement regularity of its immediate roof and main roof. The hard-and-thick strata acts both as the floor of coal seam No.7 and as the roof of coal seam No.9 in Zhangshuanglou Coal Mine；and coal seam No.9 is also hard. Falling ability of coal seam No.9 and the choice of the mining method is the key to use the fully-mechanized with top-coal caving. Physical simulation is used to analyze the breakage features of the hard-and-thick strata. Nine mining methods are put forward for the upper and the lower coal seams mining；and the corresponding top-coal compressed volume of the lower coal seam is studied. At last，the rational mining method is determined as the staggered layout of coalface in the upper and the lower coal seam，with the upper coal seam is mined first and the lower coal seam is mined with the whole height. The numerical simulation and the field practice prove that the use of the fully-mechanized coalface with top-coal caving in the lower coal seam is successful. Achievements can be rationally used to guide the application of the fully-mechanized coalface with top-coal caving in the lower coal seam in the similar conditions.

Once deep-buried long tunnel is constructed in soft rock under high crustal stress，rheology of soft rock is an outstanding engineering geology problem. When Wuqiaoling tunnel，located in Lanzhou—Xinjiang railway line，crosses active fracture zone F7 with width of 785 m，significant rheology occurs in weak wall rock. Maximum displacement of wall rock exceeds 1m. Rheology results in severe damage to supporting structure of tunnel. Based on long-term monitoring convergence deformation of Wuqiaoling deep-buried long tunnel，this paper analyzes convergence deformation regularity of two parallel main tunnels. Results show the left main tunnel¢s convergence obviously exceeds that of the right，because the right main tunnel¢s construction absorbs the experience of the left main tunnel. Furthermore，authors research on rheology rule of Wuqiaoling tunnel by FLAC3D. Numerical analysis result basically is consistent with actual measurement result. Finally，6 principles to dispose soft wall rock rheology are presented.

According to the principle of the upper bound theorem of plastic limit analysis，through the analysis of the upper bound solutions of stability ratios which are obtained from four collapse mechanisms of a single circular tunnel，a collapse mechanism of two parallel circular tunnels with same diameters in cohesive soil is established. An analysis procedure of critical state of the two parallel circular tunnels between the stability and collapse is described；and an upper bound equation of stability ratio for two parallel circular tunnels with same diameters in cohesive soil is obtained. The equation expresses the stability characteristics of the two tunnels with the different pillar width between them，including two tunnels overlapping (a single tunnel)，two tunnels touching，two tunnels influencing each other and two single tunnels. The upper bound solutions of stability ratio under the conditions of weightless soil and soil with self-weight are discussed from the equation. In the end，the correctness of the upper bound solutions is proved by the results of centrifugal model tests.

It is very important to choose similar material which simulates rock mass correctly in geomechanics model test. The similar material research status is introduced；the principle of selecting and compounding also is analyzed. According to experience of similar material research，a new similar material，iron barites sand cementation material(IBSCM)，has been developed through hundreds of compounding test. This similar material is mixed with iron ore powder，barites powder，sand，rosin，alcohol and gypsum powder. Iron ore powder，barites powder and sand are main materials；the solution of rosin and alcohol is glue；gypsum powder is regulator. Mechanical tests specimens show that different rock masses can be simulated by this material with different ratio of components. The new similar material is bought easily and cheaply；and it has some advantages as follows：high density，stable performance，easy dryness，can be cut and built. This new similar material can simulate a lot of rock masses，so it is an ideal similar material.

Based on a case of crush rock slope reinforced by prestressed cables in Jinhua—Lishui—Wenzhou Expressway，the prestressed anchorage mechanism in crush rock slope were systematically analyzed by FEM. First，according to the in-situ tested relational curves of cable tension forces and rock deformation，the physico-mechanical properties of rock mass were evaluated using numerical back-analysis method. Then，an analytic mechanical model was developed. Combined with in-situ tested data and laboratory research result，the stress dispersion manner of cable¢s prestress was analyzed；the distributions of slope stress and deformation varied with influence of rock mass properties，cable tension tonnage as well as different anchorage structures were discussed；the rule of slope stress and deformation response under prestressed anchorage forces was studied. As a result，the anchorage mechanism of prestressed cables in crush rock slope was discovered by the way of numerical simulation.

Assessment of surrounding rock stability is a key link to ensure the safety of engineering. Because of multifactor synthetic effect of rock mass internal structure and external environment，surrounding rock stability has not only randomicity but also fuzzy characteristic. Based on engineering fuzzy set theory(this theory has been founded by author—Chen Shouyu in 1990s)，engineering method of variable fuzzy set is proposed. The base of the theory of variable fuzzy set is the relative different function；and variable characteristic of model parameter(index weight vector) is considered to assess the surrounding rock stability. It shows particularity and excellence of variable fuzzy set. The evaluation results are more reliable. The detailed calculational process of this method is proposed too. Offering a application and comparing the result with other methods，rationality and advantage of engineering method of variable fuzzy set has been verified. This method can well reflect every evaluating factor¢s influence on surrounding rock stability too. It can be used not only in assessment of surrounding rock stability but also in other engineering fields. This method is simple，so it is convenient for engineers and technicians to use in microcomputer.

With the large-scale exploitation and deep mining，the breaking of rock roadways under high stress becomes very serious. So，the stability of rock roadways is increasingly analysed by using the theories and methods of nonlinear sciences. In this paper，the constitutive equation of the nonlinear Kelvin¢s rheological model in uniaxial stress is derived；and the analytical solution of its creep curve is developed. Then，the nonlinear creep equation is solved by two numerical differential methods respectively. It is found that the numerical solutions of the nonlinear creep equation are different from the analytical solutions in some conditions；in other words，the numerical solutions may be instable. And by using variable substitution，the nonlinear creep equation can become of the Logistic equation. Thus，it theoretically shows that chaos occurs in the nonlinear creep deformation of rock mass；and the condition is obtained in which the chaotic behavior of rock mass happen. Therefore，based on a practical displacement time series，the theoretic basis is given to predict and to control the stability of rock mass engineering in deep ground，by using the chaotic method.

Experimental researches are comprised of inside experiments and field tests on improved expansive soil with lime(IESL) in test section of the new Hankou airfield. Inside experiments consist of general physical properties，impaction and swelling characteristics of natural，impacted and improved expansive soils. Some results are drawn，such as the impacted expansive soils are more expansible than natural expansive soils，not expansive soils but IESLs are filled in superstratum of roadbed；it is effective that expansive soils are improved with lime，optimal lime contents are 6% to 8%，different filling cannot be mixed because there are much difference in maximal dry density and optimal water content of IESL. Field tests include roller compacting of IESL，general physical properties and swelling characteristics of compacting IESL，load test with pouring water，resilient module and deflection of roadbed. Some conclusions are drawn，for example，if compactness of IESL can arrive at 95 percent or settlement of IESL can arrive gradually at stabilization on condition that lime and water content are controlled effectively；roller compacting number must be over eight times to loose filling thickness of 50 cm，and six times to 30 cm，when exciting force of roller is 450 kN；though swelling capacity of in-site impacted IESLs is very low，impacted IESLs still have shrinkage characteristic because of water reducing；and measures which prevent water from falling would be taken；the impacted IESLs have larger bearing capacity，intensity and water stability.

Prestressed rock bolts have been widely used for rock reinforcement in slope engineering. Bolts reinforce rock masses through restraining the deformation within the rock masses. In order to improve bolting design，it is necessary to have a good understanding of behavior of prestressed rock bolts in slope engineering. An analytical model is proposed to predict the shear distribution of prestressed grouted rock bolt. The interaction mechanism of rock bolt and around rock mass has been described according the axisymmetric elastic problem and constitution law of interface of rock bolt and rock mass. Coupling and uncoupling behaviors of interface have been analyzed. According to case studies，the theoretical results show that the shear distribution is related to properties of rock mass，rock bolt and grouted materials；and the region that exist shear stress is very short. The conclusions can be used for prestressed rock bolt design.

The method combining the genetic algorithm with finite element method is applied to the first-stage back analysis of initial geostress field，for the large-scale area of Pubugou underground chamber area. And then，composite element method is adopted in the second-stage analysis of geostress field，for the local model of Pubugou underground chamber area，with considering important faults，and the range of the local model is the same as that of the model of stabilization analysis for underground chamber area. The calculation is based on the displacement boundary conditions. After the comparative analysis，it is shown that the two-stage analysis of geostress field，with considering important faults，not only provides exact initial stress of the faults，but also improves the initial geostress field，with small relative error. Additionally，under the advanced calculation level，in the first-stage back analysis of initial geostress field，the important discontinuity segments such as faults should be taken into account as more as possible.

Up to now，the subway crossing project through Hongxu Road is a pipe-roof project with the biggest cross-section of box culvert in the world. It is constructed in saturated soft soil stratum in the Beihong Road located in the middle ring-road in Shanghai. During the box culvert being pushed within the steel pipe-roof in the practical construction，the upper pipe-roof presents mainly upheaving deformation. According to analyzing mechanical equilibrium conditions on the culvert and sliding soil mass in front of it，the additional load on the upper pipe-roof is got. One of the upper and middle steel pipes can be thought of as a beam laid conversely on Winkler foundation and pressed by the additional load. The vertical deformation of the upper and middle steel pipe-roof can be predicted by the mechanical model. The theoretical results are compared with the monitoring results during the culvert being pushed. It is found that they are approximately same on variation characteristics and values，which shows the prediction method is reasonable in some degree.

Carbon dioxide(CO2) is a kind of greenhouse gas，which causes near-surface temperature increased. Geologic disposal of CO2(injection of CO2 into aquifer) has been suggested as a promising means of reducing emissions of greenhouse into the atmosphere. Oil displacement by injection CO2 of into reservoir during enhanced oil recovery stage will not only increase oil throughput but also inject CO2 into reservoir. Oil displacement by CO2 injection is coupled multiphysics processes which incorporate cross-coupled fluid flow，energy conservation，mechanical equilibrium and mass conservation. A set of quadruply coupled equations(fluid flow，convection- diffusion，energy conservation and mechanical equilibrium) with a number of cross-couplings and coupled constitutive relations is formulated to quantify the multi-physics of oil displacement by CO2 injection，implemented into and solved by using FEMLAB. FEMLAB is the first engineering tool that performs equation-based multi-physics modeling in an interactive environment. With FEMLAB，the coupled multi-physics model can be solved simultaneously. The applicability of this model has been demonstrated through an example of simulations for a two-dimensional reservoir of size 1 000 m×1 000 m with one injection and one production wells. Model results illustrate the significant importance of the cross-couplings between individual(thermal，hydrological，chemical and mechanical) physics.

AC impedance of rock is tested by CHI600A electrochemical work station. The result shows that the forms of rock AC impedance spectra are the same；and the AC impedance spectra of different rocks and identical phisico-mechanical environment have some difference；and the result of same rock AC impedance test is stabilized in the same physico-mechanical environment. Based on the test，the conclusion is that the causality and linear functional relation are existed between rock and AC impedance spectra. AC impedance can disclose the properties of rocks.

The permafrost experimental segment is located in the region of Qingshui River along Qinghai—Tibet Railway，with an average elevation of 4 470 m，mean annual ground temperatures between －1.40 ℃ and －0.46 ℃ and permafrost table in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 m. It was begun to construct in September，2001，finished in November，2001. The many longitudinal cracks of roadbed emerged in succession in October，2002 or so. for the sake of the research on the reason of cracking of roadbed and the larger settlement of rubble stone ventilation embankment，the cross-sections of DK1026+630 and DK1025+583 were chosen to dissect in May，2003. The basic conditions of roadbed after excavation were really recorded，at the same time the field and laboratory tests were conducted. The settlement of roadbed and the regular pattern of cracking were also analyzed. Lastly the settlement of roadbed was theoretically calculated. The above results indicate that the settlement of roadbed is composed of both the compressive settlement of roadbed body and the thaw and compressive settlements for frozen subgrade under the external loads. Because the compaction degree is an even and good in two cross- section of roadbed，the settlement of roadbed primarily consists of thawing and compressing deformation in the base strata. The calculating values of settlement of roadbed are basically in accordance with real measuring ones of that. The crack in cross-section DK1026+630 pierces through the roadbed body and belongs to thaw-settlement fissure，which is caused by differential cross settlement of roadbed that is formed on the basis of thawing and compressing settlement in weathered marl under base surface in the sun side of roadbed . Since the rubble can adjust the shape of artificial permafrost table and control the differential cross settlement of roadbed，the rubble ventilation embankment shows a larger settlement in the initial period of completion it without thaw-settlement fissure.

The strength changing for fully coupled mechanical-chemical behavior of shale formation is studied. The drilling fluid in which there are many chemical reagents which exchange water and ions with rock nearby borehole while drilling；as the result that the strength parameters of shale nearby the borehole are depend on time and position. To analyze the strength changing affected by chemical effect of drilling fluid，a new model is presented. Based on experiment，the relation between strength parameters and water content is obtained；and based on hydrodynamics，the relation between pore pressure and strength parameters is obtained. At the same time，a new model that calculating pore pressure for fully coupled hydraulic-chemical behavior of the shale formation is developed. So using these models，the pore pressure profile and strength profile at different times and positions are investigated. Some conclusions are found that for given poison，with the water content increasing，the pore pressure increases，but the cohesion decreases that will induce the wellbore instability. However，the chemical effect can restrain the increase of water content，so that restrain the increase of pore pressure，and restrain the decrease of cohesion that will be of benefit to enhance the borehole stability. This paper will be of benefit to engineering application for analyzing borehole stability and borehole reinforcing.

According to the similitude material model test，the new measurement system about the coal rocks penetrability coefficient on the similitude material model has been designed. The change of the protected coal seam penetrability was measured，and the protected stratum penetrability change laws in time and space were studied during the far-distance protecting stratum mining firstly. The results indicate that the penetrability coefficient of the protected stratum was a dynamic change and according to “M”. The found conclusions were in accordance with the measured in coal mine. The scientific foundation has been got for the reasonably arranging preventing coal seam and unloading pressure drawing gas in the low penetrability high gas content coal seam.

In order to choose a rational form of pile foundation for a large-size construction yard，the shaft force and lateral friction force of the pile with the static load test for the same diameter pedestal piles and the normal piles under the same geologic condition are tested to confirm the design parameter of the pile vertical bearing capacity. This paper analyzes the testing information，and contrasted distributing-characteristic of shaft force and lateral friction force and the force at the end of the pile of the two different pile types，discusses the working- process of the lateral friction force and force at the end of the pile. The load-settlement- characteristic of the pedestal piles and the normal ones is researched. The study indicates that the pedestal pile could bring potential bearing capacity of the supporting layer into play. It could remarkably enhance the pile¢s bearing capacity and reduce the settlement.

The paper concisely describes fundamental aspects of the particle flow code(PFC)，its features to perform scientific study and engineering application in geotechnical engineering. The descriptions include the advantages of PFC to depict the essential behaviors of rock and soil materials，the current status of PFC application worldwide，and its capability and applicability in geotechnical engineering practice. The procedures of using PFC to solve engineering problem has been introduced including model construction approach，numerical tests for determining micromechanical properties that governs rock mass behaviors，recording of cracking and facture propagating，by taking a cave study case as an example. The paper also presents the process of orebody caving and associated rock mass fracturing，stress altering，and response of surrounding rocks.

The double-line five-step shiplock of the TGP retains a rock mass division pier with 60 m width，which reduces engineering investment greatly. In the course of excavation on shiplock brake-dent，the different extent cracks generate firstly on the concrete surface of the top division pier，then on the shotcrete¢s surface all around valve well. So the stability of division pier rock masses has been noticed highly by all members participating in construction. Therefore，selecting typical sections in construction site，applying various means such as coring bit，water pressure test，rock mechanics test，bore hole elastic modulus test，bore hole total hole wall numerical tape，single sound wave，cross-hole earthquake wave，cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT，numerical caculation，construction geologic survey and construction stage monitoring data analysis，synthetic studying rock masses unloading range and subzone，cracking machine-made，reinforcing effectiveness，and rock masses mechanical condition and stability state of division pier；these outcomes show that the unloading district rock masses can be divided into three belts such as explosion-unloading relaxation belt，unloading relaxation belt，non-unloading relaxation belt，and unloading district rock masses anchored appropriately has still better integration，then the stability of division pier should meet layout requirement.

The slope and landslide stability safety factors and landslide thrust force design values in different safety factor definitions are different. It is necessary to make a unified safety factor definition. This paper presents a discussion on several different safety factor definitions. It is reasonable that the slope stability factor definition uses strength reduction method which best conforms to slope's realities. In special circumstances，over loading safety factor may better suit the realities. The landslide load-increased factor was adapted in imbalanced thrust force method. This method was adapted in the ground engineering generally. But it does not fit the mechanical condition of landslide. The resistant strength will increase with the load-increased. So this safety factor definition is not suitable to use in slope and landslide engineering design.

The experimental method widely used to judge the stability of tunnel is unable to consider the rock deformation properties，size and overburden；the Chinese Code only supply a wide range of the critical deformation，which is very difficulty to be used in the tunneling practice. A new method based on the elastoplastic solution is proposed to judge the stability of tunnel with consideration of rock deformation properties，strength property，tunnel size and tunnel overburden. Applications of this new method to some tunnel projects show very good correlations with measurements.