自然灾害的基本型式及防控对策研究

doi:10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2022.0374

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摘要为了全面反映自然灾害的属性，更加科学地服务自然灾害的预防应对，在国内外研究成果的基础上，结合多年的研究积累和实践经验，采用综合归纳、分析抽象的方法系统提出并论证了自然灾害的基本型式。一般地，自然灾害分类考虑致灾原因和成灾过程等因素，如经常使用气象灾害、水旱灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害和海洋灾害等。随着认识的深化，应用的广泛，仅仅立足动力成因尚不能全面反映自然灾害的特征，还需要从自然灾害发生发展空间和危害强度及其关联性进行考量。把自然灾害的基本型式划分为孤立型、链锁型、群发型和广域型，对应着自然灾害点、线、面和体4种空间分布。孤立型自然灾害单点出现，如雷击、雪崩、滑坡灾害等。链锁型自然灾害具有空间关联、时间接续、动力转换和灾情放大的链式作用特征，如滑坡–涌浪–堰塞湖–溃决洪水。群发型自然灾害指面状或区域分布，既具有分散群发性又具有相对集聚性的特点，一般由若干灾害点或灾害链组成。广域型自然灾害在大范围三维空间出现，不但可能出现灾害点、链、群型式，更会在广大地域造成无差别危害，如飓风、海啸或火山灰云导致的灾难。4种自然灾害型式存在组合关系，关联的多点可能构成链，点、链成群，点、链、群在一个广大的场域出现等。自然灾害的类和型存在转化关系，以引发因素或成因定类，以危害特点或结果定型，类、型转变，因、果互换。阐述了自然灾害的成因关联性与灾害型式的关联性，提出了不同型式自然灾害的防控对策，期望为防灾减灾理论研究与预防应对提供更扎实的基础依据。

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	刘传正
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关键词 ：自然灾害, 孤立型, 链锁型, 群发型, 广域型

Abstract：To comprehensively demonstrate and scientifically prevent natural hazards，decades of studies at home and abroad are summarized，and four patterns of natural disasters are proposed and discussed systematically based on comprehensive induction and abstract analysis. Generally，main causing factors and occurring processes of disasters are considered in the classification of natural disasters such as meteorological disasters，drought and flood，earthquake，geological disasters，marine disasters，etc. With the deepening of recognition and the widening of application，the above descriptions cannot well reflect the characteristics of natural disasters，and it is necessary to consider basic patterns of natural disasters including distribution of space，intensity of destruction and their interrelation. In this paper，natural disasters are divided into isolated pattern，pattern in chain，pattern in group and pattern in wide field，which correspond to the spatial distribution of disasters in point，line，plane and volume respectively. Isolated pattern of disasters means that a natural disaster occurs at a single point，such as snow avalanche，rockfall and lightning stroke. The pattern in chain of disasters means that the natural disasters are composed of a chain action in spatial correlation，time continuity，dynamic conversion and disaster amplification，such as landslide-surging wave-dammed lake-burst flood. Pattern in group of disasters refers to the gathering distribution in group of many disaster events in a region，which is composed of several points or chains of disasters. Pattern in extensive area of disasters refers to appearance of disasters in wide space of three-dimension，which not only occurs in the points，chains and groups of disasters but also appears with many attacks from ground to aerial spaces，such as tornadoes，tsunamis or ash clouds of volcanoes. There are some combinational relationships among the four patterns of natural disasters，in which multi-points of disasters can be a chain，and points and chains can be a group of disasters. Furthermore，points，chains and groups of disasters may occur in a wide region. A class of natural disasters can transform from a pattern，and vice versa. Natural disasters can be classified by triggering factors or causes，and patterns of disasters can be determined from destructive characteristics or consequences. The causes of disasters and their patterns are inter-transformable. Based on the discussion on the causes and patterns of natural disasters，countermeasures are proposed to reduce the disaster risks and to set up more solid basis for theoretical research of disaster mitigation，action of prevention and emergency response.

Key words： natural disasters isolated pattern pattern in chain pattern in group pattern in wide field

引用本文:

刘传正，王建新. 自然灾害的基本型式及防控对策研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2023, 42(2): 275-291.
LIU Chuanzheng，WANG Jianxin. Basic patterns of natural disasters and some countermeasures for risk mitigation . , 2023, 42(2): 275-291.

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http://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2022.0374 或 http://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2023/V42/I2/275

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