不同应力路径下北山花岗岩临界状态前变形特性与扩容行为试验研究

doi:10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0254

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摘要准确掌握高放废物地质处置库近场围岩微损伤的力学规律与机制对于实现处置圈闭功能具有重要意义。鉴于岩石的力学行为和响应特征与应力路径有关，以中国高放废物地质处置预选区北山花岗岩为研究对象，开展增轴压恒围压、增轴压卸围压以及卸轴压卸围压3种典型应力路径的力学试验，系统研究应力路径与初始围压对高应力水平下硬脆性岩石在临界状态前变形特性及扩容行为的影响。首先，以应力脆性跌落为临界状态，针对可控且可比的应力路径分岔阶段，提出基于偏应力比统一量化比较宏观变形参数演化过程与特征。发现在高应力水平卸围压时，轴压卸载相比于加载反而加剧了侧向变形与体积扩容；不同路径间割线泊松比曲线分散集聚，演化特征差异显著，但围压效应均不明显；体积应变增量与径向应变增量间均符合二次函数关系，但不同路径曲线梯度与曲率差异较大。其次，采用塑性理论描述岩石的非线性变形特征，并定义塑性应变柔量和径向轴向塑性应变增量比(比例系数)等变量。结果表明围压越大则对侧向变形及体积扩容的抑制作用越显著，塑性变形承受能力越强，而相比于轴压加载，其卸载延缓了破坏，使得塑性变形发展更充分；初始围压虽然对岩石变形破坏具有抑制作用，但对塑性应变敏感性与发展起到更大的促进作用，且对于轴向影响更大。最后，发现各应力路径下体积塑性应变增量与轴向应变增量间均符合指数分布关系，据此构建临界点前表观膨胀角、剪胀角统一理论关系式，并通过扩容指标考察初始围压影响性。结果显示增轴压恒围压表观膨胀角与剪胀角均最小，扩容指标降低的围压效应最为明显；增轴压卸围压剪胀角增长梯度最大，剪胀扩容趋势最为突出；而卸轴压卸围压表观膨胀角与剪胀角最大，扩容指标受初始围压影响最小，扩容性质最为显著。研究结果揭示了高应力水平下北山花岗岩在临界点前变形演化与扩容特性的应力路径相关性，表明高放废物地质处置工程实践与理论研究中需密切关注多向卸荷区域围岩扩容微损伤的发展。

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	韩阳1
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关键词 ：岩石力学, 北山花岗岩, 应力路径, 塑性变形, 扩容, 剪胀角

Abstract： Accurately understanding the mechanical laws and mechanisms of micro-damage to the near-field surrounding rock in high-level radioactive waste geological disposal repository is of great significance for achieving the disposal encirclement function. Given that the mechanical behavior and response characteristics of rocks are related to stress paths, the mechanical tests were conducted on three typical stress paths, including loading axial pressure-fixing confining pressure, loading axial pressure-unloading confining pressure, and unloading axial pressure-unloading confining pressure. The Beishan granite in the pre-selected area for high-level radioactive waste geological disposal in China was taken as the research object, and the effects of stress path and initial confining pressure on the pre-critical deformation properties and dilatancy behavior of which under high stress levels were systematically studied. Firstly, taking the brittle stress-drop as the critical state, for the controllable and comparable stress path bifurcation stage, a unified quantitative comparison of macro deformation parameter evolution process and characteristics based on deviatoric stress ratio is proposed. It is found that when unloading confining pressure at high stress levels, axial pressure unloading actually exacerbates lateral deformation and dilatancy compared to loading; The secant Poisson?s ratio curves of secants between different paths are dispersed and clustered, with significant differences in evolutionary characteristics, but the confining pressure effect is not obvious; The relationship between the volumetric and radial strain increment follows a quadratic function, but there are significant differences in gradient and curvature of curves under different paths. Secondly, the plastic theory is used to describe the nonlinear deformation characteristics of rocks, and variables such as plastic strain compliance and radial axial plastic strain increment ratio (proportional coefficient) are defined. The results show that the greater the confining pressure, the more significant the inhibitory effect on lateral deformation and dilatancy, and the stronger the ability to withstand plastic deformation. Compared with axial compression loading, unloading delays the failure, making the development of plastic deformation more complete; Although initial confining pressure has a suppressive effect on rock deformation and failure, it has a greater promoting effect on plastic strain sensitivity and development, and has a greater impact on axial deformation. Finally, it is found that the relationship between the volumetric and axial plastic strain increment under each stress path follow an exponential distribution relationship. Based on this, a unified theoretical relationship between the apparent dilatancy angle and dilation angle before the critical point was constructed, and the influence of initial confining pressure was examined through the dilatancy index. The results show that the apparent dilatancy angle and the dilation angle of loading axial pressure-fixing confining pressure are the smallest, and the confining pressure effect of the dilatancy index is the most obvious; The increase gradient of dilation angle of loading axial pressure-unloading confining pressure is the largest, and the dilatancy trend is the most prominent; The apparent dilatancy angle and dilatation angle of unloading axial-unloading confining pressure are the largest, the dilatancy index is least affected by the initial confining pressure, and the dilatancy property is the most significant. The research results reveal the correlation between the pre-critical deformation evolution and dilatancy properties of Beishan granite under high stress level with stress path, indicating that the development of surrounding rock dilatancy micro-damage in multi-directional unloading area need be paid close attention to in the engineering practice and theoretical research of high-level radioactive waste geological disposal.

Key words： rock mechanics Beishan granite stress paths plastic deformation dilatancy dilation angle

引用本文:

韩阳1，2，3，陈亮4，周政1，2，濮仕坤1，2，张登科1，2，白志霄1，2，郭力玮2，5，李二兵1，2. 不同应力路径下北山花岗岩临界状态前变形特性与扩容行为试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2025, 44(10): 2696-2714.
HAN Yang1, 2, 3, CHEN Liang4, ZHOU Zheng1, 2, PU Shikun1, 2, ZHANG Dengke1, 2, BAI Zhixiao1, 2, GUO Liwei2, 5, LI Erbing1, 2. Pre-critical deformation properties and dilatancy behaviors of Beishan granite under different stress paths. , 2025, 44(10): 2696-2714.

链接本文:

https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0254 或 https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2025/V44/I10/2696

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