Gas permeability response of deep sandstones under triaxial loading in the Dongying Sag
NI Hongyang1, LIU Jiangfeng1*, WANG Yangguang1, WANG Zhipeng1, MA Shijia1, CHEN Tao2
(1.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; 2. Shengli Oilfield Exploration and
Development Research Institute, Dongying, Shandong 257099, China)
Abstract：To elucidate the full-stress-path evolution of gas permeability in deep sandstone reservoirs within the Fanjing block of the Dongying Sag, Shengli Oilfield, sandstone specimens were selected from burial depths of 1 970 to 3 375 meters, with axes oriented both perpendicular and parallel to the bedding. Systematic investigations were conducted using P-wave velocity measurements, X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and gas permeability tests to analyze permeability evolution across different stress stages and the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that as burial depth increases, P-wave velocity rises while porosity and pore size diminish, suggesting a denser structure. Quartz is identified as the predominant mineral, with total clay content exhibiting a consistent decrease with increasing burial depth. The specimen at 2 601 meters displays a more developed pore structure and significantly higher initial permeability compared to specimens at other depths, highlighting the influence of local lithologic variations and structural complexity on permeability. During confining pressure loading, overall gas permeability decreases. In the context of triaxial compression, specimens with relatively higher permeability primarily undergo compaction, showing a continuous decrease in permeability, while denser specimens initially experience a decrease in permeability before increasing again as microcracks propagate under higher deviatoric stress. During the reconfinement phase, permeability decreases once more. The orientation of bedding has a pronounced impact on deformation and flow responses. This study reveals a stage-based mechanism characterized by confinement compaction, fracture-induced permeability enhancement, and recompaction during reconfinement, clarifying the influential roles of lithologic differences and pore structure on stress-flow coupling. These findings provide a crucial foundation for reservoir evaluation and the efficient development of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Dongying Sag.
倪宏阳1，刘江峰1*，王阳光1，王志鹏1，马士佳1，陈 涛2. 东营凹陷深部砂岩三轴应力加载下气体渗透率响应规律研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026, 45(3): 695-712.
NI Hongyang1, LIU Jiangfeng1*, WANG Yangguang1, WANG Zhipeng1, MA Shijia1, CHEN Tao2. Gas permeability response of deep sandstones under triaxial loading in the Dongying Sag. , 2026, 45(3): 695-712.
[1] ZOU C N，ZHU R K，LIU K Y，et al. Tight gas sandstone reservoirs in China：Characteristics and recognition criteria[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering，2012，88/89：82–91.
[2] JIA A L，WEI Y S，GUO Z，et al. Development status and prospect of tight sandstone gas in China [J]. Natural Gas Industry B，2022，9(5)：467–476.
[3] DUAN S Q，JIANG Q，LIU G F，et al. An insight into the excavation-induced stress paths on mechanical response of weak interlayer zone in underground cavern under high geostress[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2021，54(3)：1 331–1 354.
[4] ZHANG J W，SONG Z X，WANG S Y. Experimental investigation on permeability and energy evolution characteristics of deep sandstone along a three-stage loading path[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment，2021，80(2)：1 571–1 584.
[5] DANA E，SKOCZYLAS F. Gas relative permeability and pore structure of sandstones[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，1999，36(5)：613–625.
[6] WANG Y，AGOSTINI F，SKOCZYLAS F，et al. Experimental study of the gas permeability and bulk modulus of tight sandstone and changes in its pore structure[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2017，91：203–209.
[7] 刘向君，熊 健，梁利喜，等. 基于微CT技术的致密砂岩孔隙结构特征及其对流体流动的影响[J]. 地球物理学进展，2017，32(3)：1 019–1 028.(LIU Xiangjun，XIONG Jian，LIANG Lixi，et al. Study on the characteristics of pore structure of tight sand based on micro-CT scanning and its influence on fluid flow[J]. Progress in Geophysics，2017，32(3)：1 019–1 028.(in Chinese))
[8] 尚锁贵，高科超，高强勇，等. 裂缝发育程度对低孔隙度岩石渗流特性的影响[J]. 科学技术与工程，2023，23(23)：9 809–9 819. (SHANG Suogui，GAO Kechao，GAO Qiangyong，et al. Influence of fracture development on seepage characteristics of low-porosity rocks[J]. Science Technology and Engineering，2023，23(23)：9 809– 9 819.(in Chinese))
[9] 李 阳，吴胜和，侯加根，等. 油气藏开发地质研究进展与展望[J]. 石油勘探与开发，2017，44(4)：569–579.(LI Yang，WU Shenghe，HOU Jiagen，et al. Progress and prospects of reservoir development geology[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development，2017，44(4)：569–579.(in Chinese))
[10] LAI J，WANG G W，WANG Z Y，et al. A review on pore structure characterization in tight sandstones[J]. Earth-Science Reviews，2018，177：436–457.
[11] SHAR A M，MAHESAR A A，CHANDIO A D，et al. Impact of confining stress on permeability of tight gas sands：an experimental study[J]. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology，2017，7(3)：717–726.
[12] 秘昭旭，王福刚，石 娜，等. 多期次应力变化对砂岩渗透率和孔隙结构影响的试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2018，40(5)：864–871. (MI Zhaoxu，WANG Fugang，SHI Na，et al. Experimental study on effect of multi-stage stress variations on permeability and pore structure of sandstone[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2018，40(5)：864–871.(in Chinese))
[13] 陈 旭，肖 义，汤明高，等. 多级等幅循环荷载作用下砂岩变形、渗透及声发射特征试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2024，43(8)：1 923–1 935.(CHEN Xu，XIAO Yi，TANG Minggao，et al. Experimental study on deformation，permeability and AE characteristics of sandstone under multi-stage cyclic loading with a constant amplitude[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2024，43(8)：1 923–1 935.(in Chinese))
[14] WANG W，DUAN X L，JIA Y，et al. Deformation characteristics，gas permeability and energy evolution of low-permeability sandstone under cyclic loading and unloading path[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment，2022，81(9)：369.
[15] 侯中帅，陈世悦，杨怀宇，等. 东营凹陷古近系沙河街组富有机质页岩层系震积岩发育特征及地质意义[J]. 地质科学，2025，60(1)：90–106.(HOU Zhongshuai，CHEN Shiyue，YANG Huaiyu，et al. Development characteristics and geological significance of seismites in organic-rich shale strata in Paleogene Shahejie Formation，Dongying Depression[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology，2025，60(1)：90–106.(in Chinese))
[16] XIE W D，CHEN S，VANDEGINSTE V，et al. Review of the effect of diagenetic evolution of shale reservoir on the pore structure and adsorption capacity of clay minerals[J]. Energy and Fuels，2022，36(9)：4 728–4 745.
[17] LIU W，LI Y P，YANG C H，et al. Permeability characteristics of mudstone cap rock and interlayers in bedded salt formations and tightness assessment for underground gas storage caverns[J]. Engineering Geology，2015，193：212–223.
[18] SONG Z X，ZHANG J W，ZHANG L C，et al. The permeability properties of bedded coal and rock：Review and new insights[J]. Energy Science and Engineering，2022，10(4)：1 544–1 565.
[19] 张宏敏. 砂岩全应力–应变过程气体渗透特性实验[J]. 煤炭学报，2009，34(8)：1 063–1 066.(ZHANG Hongmin. Experimental on gaseous seepage properties of sandstone in complete stress-strain process[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2009，34(8)：1 063–1 066. (in Chinese))
[20] 王者超，易云佳，闵忠顺，等. 真三向应力作用下深部储层砂岩渗透率各向异性实验研究[J]. 力学学报，2023，55(7)：1 493–1 504. (WANG Zhechao，YI Yunjia，MIN Zhongshun，et al. Experimental study on permeability anisotropy of deep reservoir sandstone under true triaxial stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics，2023，55(7)：1 493–1 504.(in Chinese))
[21] ZHA W H，ZHOU H Y，LIU Z B，et al. Experimental study of gas permeability evolution in tight sandstone with damage and cracking along various stress loading paths[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment，2021，80(10)：7 847–7 863.
[22] 耿 斌，周德志，王 敏，等. 胜利油区储层测井评价技术发展及展望[J]. 油气地质与采收率，2024，31(4)：184–195.(GENG Bin，ZHOU Dezhi，WANG Min，et al. Development and prospects of logging evaluation technologies for reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency，2024，31(4)：184–195. (in Chinese))
[23] 闫建平，张 帆，王 敏，等. 基于核磁共振实验的低渗透砂岩岩电参数分类及应用——以东营凹陷南坡沙四段为例[J]. 地球物理学报，2019，62(7)：2 748–2 758. (YAN Jianping，ZHANG Fan，WANG Min，et al. Classification of rock-electro parameters of low-permeability sandstone based on nuclear magnetic resonance log and its application：An example of Es4 in south slope of the Dongying depression[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics，2019，62(7)：2 748– 2 758.(in Chinese))
[24] YANG T，CAO Y C，WANG Y Z，et al. Determining permeability cut-off values for net pay study of a low-permeability clastic reservoir：A case study of the Dongying Sag，eastern China[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering，2019，178：262–271.
[25] 邱贻博，贾光华，刘晓峰，等. 东营凹陷古近系构造转换及其对盆地控制作用[J]. 中国石油勘探，2020，25(6)：50–57.(QIU Yibo，JIA Guanghua，LIU Xiaofeng，et al. Structural transformation in Paleogene and its controlling effect in Dongying sag[J]. China Petroleum Exploration，2020，25(6)：50–57.(in Chinese))
[26] 路慎强，陈冠军，吴孔友，等. 渤海湾盆地东营凹陷中央背斜带构造特征和演化机理[J]. 石油实验地质，2013，35(3)：274–279.(LU Shenqiang，CHEN Guanjun，WU Kongyou，et al. Tectonic feature and evolution mechanism of central anticline belt of Dongying Sag，Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment，2013，35(3)：274–279.(in Chinese))
[27] 徐晓炼，张 茹，戴 峰，等. 煤岩特性对超声波速影响的试验研究[J]. 煤炭学报，2015，40(4)：793–800.(XU Xiaolian，ZHANG Ru，DAI Feng，et al. Effect of coal and rock characteristics on ultrasonic velocity[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2015，40(4)：793–800.(in Chinese))
[28] 李阿伟，赵卫华，李浩涵，等. 湘西桑页 1 井页岩弹性波速实验研究[J]. 地球学报，2016，37(3)：333–339.(LI Awei，ZHAO Weihua，LI Haohan，et al. A study of elastic properties of shales from sangye 1 well in western Hunan province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica，2016，37(3)：333–339.(in Chinese))
[29] MASON W P, MARFURT K J, BESHERS D N, et al. Internal friction in rocks [J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America，1978，63(5)：1 596–1 603.
[30] 王 宇，李 晓，胡瑞林，等. 岩土超声波测试研究进展及应用综述[J]. 工程地质学报，2015，23(2)：287–300.(WANG Yu，LI Xiao，HU Ruilin，et al. Review of reasearch process and application of ultrasonic testing for rock and soil[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology，2015，23(2)：287–300.(in Chinese))
[31] 刘江峰，倪宏阳，浦 海，等. 多孔介质气体渗透率测试理论、方法、装置及应用[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(1)：137–146. (LIU Jiangfeng，NI Hongyang，PU Hai，et al. Test theory，method and device of gas permeability of porous media and the application[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2021，40(1)：137–146.(in Chinese))
[32] 张 顺，陈世悦，蒲秀刚，等. 断陷湖盆细粒沉积岩岩相类型及储层特征——以东营凹陷沙河街组和沧东凹陷孔店组为例[J]. 中国矿业大学学报，2016，45(3)：568–581.(ZHANG Shun，CHEN Shiyue，PU Xiugang，et al. Lithofacies types and reservoir characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in Paleogene，southern Bohai fault-depressed lacustrine basin[J]. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology，2016，45(3)：568–581.(in Chinese))
[33] 李钜源. 渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系泥页岩孔隙特征及孔隙度演化规律[J]. 石油实验地质，2015，37(5)：566–574.(LI Juyuan. Pore characteristics and their evolution in Paleogene mud shales，Dongying Sag，Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment，2015，37(5)：566–574.(in Chinese))
[34] 陈向军，刘 军，王 林，等. 不同变质程度煤的孔径分布及其对吸附常数的影响[J]. 煤炭学报，2013，38(2)：294–300.(CHEN Xiangjun，LIU Jun，WANG Lin，et al. Influence of pore size distribution of different metamorphic grade of coal on adsorption constant[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2013，38(2)：294–300.(in Chinese))
[35] ZHANG Y L，SUN Q，HE H，et al. Pore characteristics and mechanical properties of sandstone under the influence of temperature[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering，2017，113：537–543.
[36] NI H Y，LIU J F，CHEN T，et al. Coal permeability prediction method based on the microscopic pore-fracture dual-porosity structure[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering，2022，211：110 107.
[37] NI H Y，LIU J F，HUANG B X，et al. Quantitative analysis of pore structure and permeability characteristics of sandstone using SEM and CT images[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering，2021，88：103 861.
[38] 郭旭升，腾格尔，魏祥峰，等. 四川盆地深层海相页岩气赋存机理与勘探潜力[J]. 石油学报，2022，43(4)：453–468.(GUO Xusheng， BORJIGIN Tenger，WEI Xiangfeng，et al. Occurrence mechanism and exploration potential of deep marine shale gas in Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica，2022，43(4)：453–468.(in Chinese))
[39] 冯增朝，石建行. 热力耦合作用下有机类岩石渗透率演化规律及机理[J]. 煤炭学报，2024，49(9)：3 798–3 809.(FENG Zengchao，SHI Jianhang. Evolution law and mechanisms of permeability of organic rocks under the action of thermal-mechanical coupling[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2024，49(9)：3 798–3 809.(in Chinese))
[40] 张培森，许大强，颜 伟，等. 不同围压下峰后循环载荷对砂岩力学及渗流特性的影响研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2023，51(7)：94–105. (ZHANG Peisen，XU Daqiang，YAN Wei，et al. Effect of post-peak cyclic load on mechanics and seepage characteristics of sandstone under different confining pressures[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2023，51(7)：94–105.(in Chinese))
[41] 刘大锰，贾奇锋，蔡益栋. 中国煤层气储层地质与表征技术研究进展[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2022，50(1)：196–203.(LIU Dameng，JIA Qifeng，CAI Yidong. Research progress on coalbed methane reservoir geology and characterization technology in China[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2022，50(1)：196–203.(in Chinese))
[42] 由 爽，李虎振，侯晓旭，等. 采动应力路径下花岗岩变形破坏特性及能量演化机制[J]. 东北大学学报：自然科学版，2023，44(8)：1 177–1 187.(YOU Shuang，LI Huzhen，HOU Xiaoxu，et al. Deformation damage characteristics and energy evolution mechanism of granite under mining stress path[J]. Journal of Northeastern University：Natural Science，2023，44(8)：1 177–1 187.(in Chinese))
[43] 张 浩，伍永平，解盘石. 层理发育型层状岩体承压力学性状演变规律试验研究[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报，2023，5(1)：013011.(ZHANG Hao，WU Yongping，XIE Panshi. Experimental study on evolution law of compressive mechanical properties of interbedded roof rock[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering，2023，5(1)：013011.(in Chinese))
[44] 邹佐元，向 芳，沈 昕，等. 沉积相带控制下的白云岩成因模式及判别特征[J]. 科学技术与工程，2020，20(15)：5 887–5 899.(ZOU Zuoyuan，XIANG Fang，SHEN Xin，et al. Genesis and identification of dolomite under the control of sedimentary facies zone[J]. Science Technology and Engineering，2020，20(15)：5 887–5 899.(in Chinese))
[45] LIU J F，MA S J，NI H Y，et al. Quantitative two/three-dimensional spatial characterization and fluid transport prediction of macro/micropores in Gaomiaozi bentonite[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering，2022，14(5)：1 568–1 579.
[46] RAZAVIFAR M，MUKHAMETDINOVA A，NIKOOEE E，et al. Rock porous structure characterization：a critical assessment of various state-of-the-art techniques[J]. Transport in Porous Media，2021，136(2)：431–456.
2026, Vol. 45 
