Abstract：Aiming at the problem of tunnel water leakage and in response to the national "dual-carbon" initiative, this study proposes to reinforce sandy gravel soil using CO2-induced silicate minerals to reduce its permeability, thereby achieving the goal of preventing water leakage. Through investigations, mineral particle size, dosage, reaction pH value, and carbonation time were selected as influencing factors. Orthogonal tests were conducted to analyze the law governing how each factor affects the permeability of sandy gravel soil, and further exploration was made into the significance and variation law of the impact of interactions between factors on permeability. In addition, the influence of different catalysts on the reaction conversion rate was studied, and microscopic tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were integrated to reveal the evolution law of the internal microstructure of the samples and the mechanism of the carbonation reaction.The test results show that carbon sequestration by wollastonite can significantly reduce the permeability of sandy gravel soil, with the permeability coefficient being reduced by up to three orders of magnitude. the permeability coefficient tends to increase gradually as the mineral particle size decreases; it decreases with the increase of mineral dosage and carbonation time, and increases as the reaction pH value rises. The optimal carbonation mode is determined as follows: mineral particle size of 75 μm, 30% dosage, pH = 4, and carbonation duration of 24 hours. Among all factors, mineral dosage has the most significant impact on the permeability coefficient, and the interaction between mineral particle size and mineral dosage exerts a significant influence on the permeability coefficient. Acetic acid demonstrates the best catalytic effect, with a conversion rate ranging from 25.08% to 29.04%, followed by sodium bicarbonate catalyst. Carbonation promotes the formation of carbonate crystals (CaCO3), which can effectively fill the internal pores of the samples and bond soil particles. However, most of these crystals adhere to the surface of the soil, and the number of crystals that play a bonding role on soil particles is relatively small—this prevents the formation of a cross-network skeleton. Therefore, the reduction range of the permeability coefficient of sandy gravel soil remains limited.
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2026, Vol. 45 
