|
|
|
| SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE OF LOESS LANDSLIDES AND CAUSE ANALYSIS BASED ON CORRELATED FRACTAL DIMENSION |
| QIU Haijun1，2，CUI Peng1，WANG Yanmin3，LIU Qi2，HU Sheng2，GAO Yu2，JIN Xin2 |
| (1. Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Chengdu，Sichuan 610041，China；2. College of Urban and Environmental Science，Northwest University，Xi?an，Shaanxi 710127，China；3. School of Chemistry and Environmental Science，Shaanxi University of Technology，Hanzhong，Shaanxi 723001，China) |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The aims of this study were to quantitatively measure the spatial distribution structure of regional landslides，to reveal the differences and causes of distribution patterns between regional landslides of different sizes. The diameter of a landslide was graded into classes(scales) according the data from the database of Loess landslides. The spatial distribution structure and causes of loess landslides on various scales of diameter were quantitatively analyzed with the methods of the correlated fractal dimension，the kernel density and the GIS spatial analysis. The loess landslide with the diameter within the scale of 50–75 m occupied the maximum proportion，comprising 28.87% of the total landslides. The landslide on the scale larger than 100 m was the least which accounted for 15.12%. The spatial structure of landslide on various scales had multi-fractal characteristics. There was a distinct inflection point on the scale of 30 km. On the scale smaller than 30 km，the correlated fractal dimension was raised with the increase of diameter scale，and the distribution pattern was turned from the aggregation into the dispersion pattern gradually. On the scale larger than 30 km，the distribution of regional landslide exhibited an aggregation pattern. The loess landslides were mostly affected by topography and landforms during its process of development. Among selected 3 major factors influencing the distribution patterns，the distance to river stream was the most influential factor followed by the relief amplitude. A higher proportion of the landslide with small diameter scale was found to take place near the stream with smaller relief amplitude. However，a larger proportion of the landslide with large diameter scale occurred at the places with larger relief amplitude and far away from river. Slope had negligible effect on the distribution pattern.
|
|
Received: 23 April 2014
|
|
|
|
| [1] 许 领，戴福初，邝国麟，等. 黄土滑坡典型工程地质问题分析[J]. 岩土工程学报，2009，31(2)：287–293.(XU Ling，DAI Fuchu，KWONG A K L，et al. Analysis of some special engineering-geological problems of loess landslide[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2009，31(2)：287–293.(in Chinese))
[2] 王念秦，张倬元. 黄土滑坡研究[M]. 兰州：兰州大学出社，2005：1.(WANG Nianqin，ZHANG Zhuoyuan. Study on loesslandslide disaster[M]. Lanzhou：Lanzhou University Press，2005：1.(in Chinese))
[3] 许 领，戴福初，闵 弘. 黄土滑坡研究现状与设想[J]. 地球科学进展，2008，23(3)：236–242.(XU Ling，DAI Fuchu，MIN Hong. Research progress and some thoughts on loess landslides[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences，2008，23(3)：236–242.(in Chinese))
[4] VAN DEN EECKHAUT M，MOEYERSONS J，NYSSEN J，et al. Spatial patterns of old，deep-seated landslides：a case—study in the northern Ethiopian highlands[J]. Geomorphology，2009，105(3)：239–252.
[5] CONFORTI M，PASCALE S，ROBUSTELLI G，et al. Evaluation of prediction capability of the artificial neural networks for mapping landslide susceptibility in the Turbolo river catchment(northern Calabria，Italy)[J]. Catena，2014，113：236–250.
[6] 崔 鹏，何思明，姚令侃，等. 汶川地震山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[M]. 北京：科学出版社，2011：37–62.(CUI Peng，HE Siming，YAO Lingkan，et al. Formation mechanism and risk control of mountain harzard in Wenchuan earthquake[M]. Beijing：Science Press，2011：37–62.(in Chinese))
[7] WU C Y，QIAO J P，WANG M. Study on landslides and slope aspect in the three gorges reservoir region based on gis and information value model[J]. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences，2006，11(4)： 773–779.
[8] 陈 颙. 分形几何与地球科学[J]. 华南地震，1994，14(3)：85–92. (CHEN Yong. Fractal geometry and geoscience[J]. South China Journal of Seismology，1994，14(3)：85–92.(in Chinese))
[9] GOLTZ C. Multifractal and entropic properties of landslides in Japan[J]. Geologische Rundschau，1996，85(1)：71–84.
[10] YOKOI Y，CARR J R，WATTERS R J. Fractal character of landslides[J]. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience，1995，1(1)：75–81.
[11] LI C，MA T，SUN L，et al. Application and verification of fractal approach to landslide susceptibility mapping[C]// Terrigenous Mass Movements. [S. l.]：Springer Berlin Heidelberg，2012：91–107.
[12] ZUO R，AGTERBERG F P，CHENG Q，et al. Fractal characterization of the spatial distribution of geological point processes[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation，2009，11(6)：394–402.
[13] 吴树仁，韩金良，石菊松，等. 三峡库区巴东县城附近主要滑坡边界轨迹分形分维特征与滑坡稳定性关系[J]. 地球科学，2005，26(5)：455–460.(WU Shuren，HAN Jinliang，SHI Jusong，et al. A study of the relationship between landslide stability and fractal dimension of the major landslide trace pattern near badong in the reservoir region of the yangtze gorge project[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica，2005，26(5)：455–460.(in Chinese))
[14] ZHOU C Y，TANG L S. A research on fractal dimension and nonlinear dynamic model of Xintan landslide，China[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences，1996，7(2)：223–226.
[15] 易顺民，梁池生. 广东省地质灾害及防治[M]. 北京：科学出版社，2010：197–216.(YI Shunmin，LIANG Chisheng. Geological disaster and prevention in Guangdong Province[M]. Beijing：Science Press，2010：197–216.(in Chinese))
[16] 谢嘉琼，易顺民. 滑坡活动空间分布的多重分形特征及其预测意义[J]. 四川大学学报：工程科学版，2000，32(6)：4–6.(XIE Jiaqiong，YI Shunmin. Study on the multifractal of the spatial distribution of landslides activities and its significances[J]. Journal of Sichuan University：Engineering Science，2000，32(6)：4–6.(in Chinese))
[17] ROUAI M，JAAIDI E B. Scaling properties of landslides in the Rif mountains of Morocco[J]. Engineering Geology，2003，68(3)：353–359.
[18] TANG C，ZHU J，QI X，et al. Landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake and the subsequent strong rainfall event：a case study in the Beichuan area of China[J]. Engineering Geology，2011，122(1)：22–33.
[19] YIN J，CHEN J，XU X W，et al. The characteristics of the landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake from Anxian to Beichuan[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences，2010，37(5)：452–459.
[20] YIN Y，WANG F，SUN P. Landslide hazards triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake，Sichuan，China[J]. Landslides，2009，6(2)：139–152.
[21] GUZZETTI F，ARDIZZONE F，CARDINALI M，et al. Distribution of landslides in the upper Tiber River basin，central Italy[J]. Geomorphology，2008，96(1)：105–122.
[22] FRATTINI P，CROSTA G B. The role of material properties and landscape morphology on landslide size distributions[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2013，361(1)：310–319.
[23] 雷祥义. 黄土高原地质灾害与人类活动[M]. 北京：地质出版社，2001：5.(LEI Xiangyi. Geological hazards and human activity on the loess plateau[M]. Beijing：Geological Press，2001：5.(in Chinese))
[24] 周自翔，李 晶，任志远. 基于GIS的关中—天水经济区地形起伏度与人口分布研究[J]. 地理科学，2012，32(8)：951–957.(ZHOU Zixiang，LI Jing，REN Zhiyuan. The relief degree of land surface and population distribution in Guanzhong—Tianshui economic region using GIS[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica，2012，32(8)：951–957.(in Chinese))
[25] 张茂省. 延安宝塔区滑坡崩塌地质灾害[M]. 北京：地质出版社， 2008：23–24.(ZHANG Maosheng. Geological disasters in the Baota area，Shaanxi，China[M]. Beijing：Geological Publishing House，2008：23–24.(in Chinese)) |
|
|
|
2015, Vol. 34 
