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| Retrospection on the development of rock mass mechanics and the summary of some unsolved centennial problems |
| ZHAO Yangsheng1，2 |
| (1. Key Laboratory of In-situ Property-improving Mining of Ministry of Education，Taiyuan University of Technology，Taiyuan，Shanxi 030024，China；2. College of Mining Engineering，Taiyuan University of Technology，Taiyuan，Shanxi 030024，China) |
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Abstract Based on several concepts of rock mass mechanics，this paper comprehensively reviewed and analyzed the important achievements and deficiencies in the theory and application of rock mass mechanics all around the world. In the part of rock mechanics testing machine and testing method，it mainly introduced triaxial testing machine，rigid testing machine，real triaxial testing machine，rheology testing machine，impact testing machine，high-temperature and high-pressure testing machine，multi-field coupling action testing machine，CT-Rock testing machine，in-situ test and test standards，etc. In the part of constitutive law，the whole stress-strain curve，the mechanical properties of rock under pseudo triaxial and real triaxial stresses，aging and size effect characteristics，dynamic characteristics，seepage characteristics，multi-field coupling characteristics，mechanical characteristics of structural surfaces，optoacoustic/electromagnetic/themal effects during rock deformation and failure were mainly introduced. In the theory of rock mass mechanics，the mechanical categorization of rock mass media，rock mass mechanics of matrix-fractured media，strength criteria，constitutive laws，fracture and damage mechanics，multi-field coupling model and fracture distribution model were introduced in detail. Numerical methods and software，displacement back analysis and intelligent analysis methods were introduced in the numerical calculation section. The classification，concepts and application fields of engineering rock mass mechanics and disaster rock mass mechanics were expounded，the rock mass mechanics principles of major projects such as dam engineering，tunnel engineering，mining engineering，petroleum and unconventional resource development engineering were analyzed and condensed，and the important achievements of various historical stages in the evolution of engineering rock mechanics were listed. The rock mass mechanics principles in the initiation and exacerbation of natural and engineering disasters，such as landslides，gas outbursts，rock bursts，earthquakes were combed，and the important achievements of disaster rock mass mechanics in disaster prediction and prevention technology were enumerated. Through in-depth analysis，eight unsolved problems of rock mass mechanics were put forward in the past century，including three theoretical problems of rock mass mechanics，such as media classification theory，control effect of defect levels on the deformation and failure of rock masses，and anisotropic rock mass mechanics theory and analysis methods，etc. The other five questions are related to nonlinear rock mass mechanics，namely，rock mass scale effect，time effect，unified theory of catastrophe-chaos-percolation in the process of instability and failure of rock mass system，and predicting the failure time，failure location and released energy in the instability and failure process of the intact rock sample and the rock mass system.
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