|
|
|
| Calibration method and reliability evaluation of pore water pressure measurement in dynamic centrifuge modelling |
| WANG Yongzhi1，2，TANG Zhaoguang1，2，ZHANG Xuedong3，SUN Rui1，2，ZHANG Yuting4 |
| (1. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration，Institute of Engineering Mechanics，China Earthquake Administration，Harbin，Heilongjiang 150080，China；2. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation，Ministry of Emergency Management，Harbin，Heilongjiang 150080，China；3. State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin，China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research，Beijing 100038，China；4. Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering，Ministry of Transport，Tianjin 300456，China) |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Miniature pore water pressure transducer is one of crucial testing techniques in geotechnical engineering monitoring and physical model test. With centrifuge model test featured by factors of centrifugal acceleration，viscous liquid and high frequency vibration，influences of these factors on miniature pore water pressure measurement are worth to explore and understand. A set of centrifuge tests consisting of dry sand，saturated sand and pure liquid models are carried out to calibrate the measuring reliability of pore water pressure transducers by varying a single state parameter in the tests，the response characteristics and measurement error of three typical miniature transducers are revealed and analyzed. The results show that as increasing centrifuge acceleration，amplitudes of all transducers in the dry sand model present distinct increasing or decreasing trends independent of their buried depths. However，as centrifuge accelerations less than 50 g，all variations of the amplitudes are less than 1.0 kPa，indicating that the influence of the centrifuge accelerations is negligible. With viscosity coefficient ranging from 1cst to100cst，response time and dynamic resolution of the transducers are both impaired. For the transducers of 2Mie，DSP–II and HC–25，the response time grows from 4.92，4.98 and 10.75 ms to 13.42，13.15 and 20.01 ms，while their dynamic resolutions weaken from 54，59 and 121 Pa to 109，113 and 213 Pa. Such influence are worthy of taking into account for the study of liquefaction threshold and pore water pressure increment relation. The influence of transducer placement directions on pore pressure measurement in the saturated model test is noticeable. The pore water pressure ratios of the transducers placed parallel to the shaking direction exhibit unexpectedly remarkable oscillation with the magnitudes varying from 0.78 to 1.02. Simultaneously，the pore water pressure ratios of the transducers placed vertically arise considerable values between 1.04 and 1.20. The influences arisen in parallel and vertical placement are likely attributed to the disturbances of dynamic cyclic shear stress and excess pressure-induced pore water seepage respectively. The intensive electromagnetic interference on the transducer responses appears inconsiderable. The calibration method and results provide important guidance and dataset for the development pore water pressure measurement techniques and the revision of specifications for dynamic centrifuge model tests.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] KUTTER B L，SATHIALINGAM N，HERRMANN L. Effects of arching on response time of miniature pore pressure transducer in clay[J]. Geotechnical Testing Journal，1990，13(3)：164–178.
[2] HOLZER T L，HANKS T C，YOUD T L. Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills，California，Earthquake[J]. Science，1989，244：56.
[3] HUSHMAND B，SCOTT R F，CROUSE C B. In-place calibration of USGS pore pressure transducers at Wildlife Liquefaction Site，California，USA[C]// The 10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Balkema：Rotterdam，1992：1 749–1 754.
[4] LEE F H. Frequency response of diaphragm pore pressure transducers in dynamic centrifuge model tests[J]. Geotechnical Testing Journal，1990，13(3)：201–207.
[5] K?NIG D，JESSBERGER H L，BOLTON M，et al. Pore pressure measurement during centrifuge model tests：experience of five laboratories[C]// Proceedings of the International Conference on Centrifuge 94. Singapore：[s. n]，1994：101–108.
[6] 孙汝建. 压阻式孔隙水压力计性能试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2002，24(6)：796–798.(SUN Rujian. Experimental study of piezoresistive silicon pore pressure transducers[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2002，24(6)：796–798.(in Chinese))
[7] STRINGER M E，ALLMOND J D，PROTO C J，et al. Evaluating the response of new pore pressure transducers for use in dynamic centrifuge tests[C]// Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. Perth，Australia：[s. n]，2014：345–351.
[8] 王永志，袁晓铭，王 海. 动力离心试验常规点位式量测技术改进方法[J]. 岩土力学，2015，36(增2)：722–728.(WANG Yongzhi，YUAN Xiaoming，WANG Hai. Improvement method of node-oriented measurement technique for dynamic centrifuge modeling[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2015，36(Supp.2)：722–728.(in Chinese))
[9] MURALEETHARAN K K，GRANGER K K. The use of miniature pore pressure transducers in measuring matric suction in unsaturated soils[J]. Geotechnical Testing Journal，1999，22(3)：226–234.
[10] TAKE W A，BOLTON M D. Tensiometer saturation and the reliable measurement of soil suction[J]. Géotechnique，2003，53(2)：159–172.
[11] 刘 涛，崔 逢，张美鑫. 深海海床孔隙水压力原位观测技术研究进展[J]. 水利学报，2015，46(增1)：111–116.(LIU Tao，CUI Feng，ZHANG Meixin. Research progress of deep seabed pore pressure observation techniques in situ[J]. Chinese Journal of Hydraulic Engineering，2015，46(Supp.1)：111–116.(in Chinese))
[12] KUTTER B L，CAREY T J，HASHIMOTO T，et al. LEAP-GWU– 2015 experiment specifications，results and comparisons[J]. Soil Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering，2018，113(10)：616–628.
[13] 汤兆光，王永志，孙 锐，等. 土工离心试验微型孔压传感器标定方法与影响因素[J]. 岩土工程学报，2020，42(7)：1 238–1 246. (TANG Zhaoguang，WANG Yongzhi，SUN Rui，et al. Calibration method and effect factors of miniature pore water pressure sensor for geotechnical centrifuge modelling[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2020，42(7)：1 238–1 246.(in Chinese))
[14] 汤兆光，王永志，段雪锋，等. 分体高频响应微型孔隙水压力传感器研制与性能评价[J]. 岩土工程学报，2021，43(7)：1 210–1 219.(TANG Zhaoguang，WANG Yongzhi，DUAN Xuefeng，et al. Development and performance evaluation of separable high-frequency response miniature pore water pressure transducer[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2021，43(7)：1 210–1 219.(in Chinese))
[15] 蔡正银，朱 洵，代志宇. 考虑密度影响的砂土静止土压力系数研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(8)：1 664–1 671.(CAI Zhengyin，ZHU Xun，DAI Zhiyu. Coefficient of earth pressure at rest of sand considering density effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2021，40(8)：1 664–1 671.(in Chinese))
[16] 梁 波，厉彦君，凌学鹏，等. 离心模型试验中微型土压力盒土压力测定[J]. 岩土力学，2019，40(2)：818–826.(LIANG Bo，LI Yanjun，LING Xupeng，et al. Determination of earth pressure by miniature earth pressure cell in centrifugal model test[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2019，40(2)：818–826.(in Chinese))
[17] 汤兆光，王永志，孙 锐，等. 动力离心试验微型孔压传感器研制与性能验证[J]. 岩土工程学报，2020，42(增2)：129–134.(TANG Zhaoguang，WANG Yongzhi，SUN Rui，et al. Development and performance verification of miniature pore water pressure transducer for dynamic centrifuge modeling[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2020，42(Supp.2)：129–134.(in Chinese))
[18] ALLMOND J D，WILSON D. Analysis and comparison of various pore pressure transducers implemented in the JDA02 centrifuge test[R]. Davis：University of California，2012.
[19] 王 钊，邹维列，李 侠. 非饱和土吸力测量及应用[J]. 四川大学学报，2004，36(2)：1–6.(WANG Zhao，ZOU Weilie，LI Xia. Measurement and application of suction in unsaturated soils[J]. Journal of Sichuan University，2004，36(2)：1–6.(in Chinese))
[20] 王永志. 大型动力离心机设计理论与关键技术研究[博士学位论文][D]. 哈尔滨：中国地震局工程力学研究所，2013.(WANG Yongzhi. Study on design theory and key technology of large dynamic centrifuge [Ph. D. Thesis][D]. Harbin：Institute of Engineering Mechanics，China Earthquake Administration，2013.(in Chinese))
[21] 中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. DL/T 5102—2013土工离心模型试验技术规程[S]. 北京：中国电力出版社，2014.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China. DL/T 5102—2013 Specification for geotechnical centrifuge model test techniques[S]. Beijing：China Electric Power Press，2014.(in Chinese))
[22] 中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. JTS/T 231–7—2013港口工程离心模型试验技术规程[S]. 北京：人民交通出版社，2013.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of the People?s Republic of China. JTS/T 231–7—2013 Code for centrifugal model test for port engineering[S]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2013.(in Chinese))
[23] 中华人民共和国国家标准编写组GB/T 15406—2007 岩土工程仪器基本参数及通用技术条件[S]. 北京：中国标准出版社，2007.(The National Standards Compilation Group of the People?s Republic of China. GB/T 15406—2007 Primary parameter and general specification for geotechnical engineering instrument[S]. Beijing：Standards Press of China，2007.(in Chinese))
[24] 徐正栋，朱大铮，梁小山. 土工离心模型试验数据采集系统[J]. 水利水运科学研究，1987，(4)：75–80.(XU Zhengdong，ZHU Dazheng，LIANG Xiaoshan. Data acquisition system for geotechnical centrifuge modelling[J]. Journal of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute，1987，(4)：75–80.(in Chinese))
[25] 马立秋，张建民，张 嘎，等. 爆炸离心模型试验系统研究与初步试验[J]. 岩土力学，2011，32(3)：946–950.(MA Liqiu，ZHANG Jianmin，ZHANG Ga，et al. Research of blasting centrifugal modeling system and basic experiment[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2011，32(3)：946–950.(in Chinese))
[26] 刘祥庆，刘晶波，王宗纲. 土–结构动力离心模型试验传感器位置的优选[J]. 清华大学学报，2008，48(6)：931–935.(LIU Xiangqing，LIU Jingbo，WANG Zonggang. Optimization of sensor positions in a dynamic centrifuge model for soil-structure interactions[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University，2008，48(6)：931–935.(in Chinese)) |
|
|
|
2022, Vol. 41 
