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| Failure characteristics and energy evolution of sandstone with different loading stiffnesses |
| XU Wensong1，2，ZHANG Jindong2，ZHAO Guangming2，LIU Chongyan1，QI Minjie2，WU Xinwen3，LIU Jiajia4 |
(1. Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining，Anhui University of Science and Technology，Huainan，Anhui 232001，China；2. School of Safety Science and Engineering，Anhui University of Science and Technology，Huainan，
Anhui 232001，China；3. China Coal Shanxi China Resources Liansheng Energy Investment Co.，Ltd.，Lvliang，Shanxi 033000，China；4. School of Safety Science and Engineering，Henan University of Science and Technology，Jiaozuo，Henan 454003，China)
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Abstract Under roadway excavation and unloading，the deterioration and failure characteristics of surrounding rock in different regions and their stiffness present different characteristics. In order to explore the influence of rock mass mechanical characteristics on the stability of roadway surrounding rock under different stiffness conditions，the ZS-B two-dimensional variable stiffness dynamic failure simulation experiment system is adopted to carry out loading tests on sandstone，and the failure characteristics of sandstone under uniaxial variable stiffness loading conditions are analyzed. The failure characteristics and energy evolution law of sandstone under variable stiffness loading are obtained. The results show that：(1) the loading stiffness has little effect on the stress-strain curve and the peak state of the rock before the peak，which are closely related to the material properties of the rock itself. (2) The elastic deformation energy stored by the pre-peak test machine is converted into residual energy after the peak. When the loading stiffness is low，more residual energy will be converted，and the rock will be damaged rapidly. Otherwise，the residual energy will be less，and the rock will be damaged in a continuous stage. (3) When the loading stiffness is 0.1 GN/m，the rock presents a tension-shear composite failure. With increasing the loading stiffness，it gradually evolves into a tension-shear failure，and the integrity of the sandstone gradually decreases. The data points of the RA-AF parameter diagram of the rock gradually change from being distributed on both sides of the tension crack and the shear crack to being mainly distributed in the tension crack region. (4) The pre-peak AE event ringing number is stable at a low level. With increasing the loading stiffness of the experimental machine，the peak value of the AE event number changes from a single peak to a multiple peak value，and the peak value gradually decreases. The increase in the loading stiffness promotes the development of cracks in the rock，while excessive stiffness inhibits it. The research results provide a research method for the stability of roadway surrounding rock，and corresponding measures(support，modification and pressure relief) can be taken to improve the stability of roadway surrounding rock from the perspectives of improving rock strength，increasing rock energy storage and weakening rock failure degree in the environment of stiffness.
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2024, Vol. 43 
