Physical modeling on the coupling effect of strong shaking-fault movement to a fault-crossing tunnel (I): Experimental system and method
MEI Xiancheng1, 2, CUI Zhen1, 2*, SHENG Qian1, 2, CHEN Jian1, 2, FEI Yang1, 2, TANG Langzhou1, 2, ZHAO Xu3, LI Ruohan4, HUANG Jingqi5
(1. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; 2. School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; 4. Institute of Future Civil Engineering Science and Technology, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China; 5. Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Space Engineering, School of Future Cities, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, China)
Abstract：The cases of tunnel damage observed during the 2022 Menyuan earthquake confirm that tunnels traversing active fault zones are simultaneously affected by both fault dislocation displacement and strong seismic forces. A correct understanding of the coupling effects of “strong ground motion and fault dislocation” on fault-crossing tunnels during earthquakes is crucial for ensuring the safe construction and operation of such tunnels in seismic zones. Consequently, a physical model test has been conducted for the first time to investigate the coupling effects of “strong ground motion and fault dislocation” on fault-crossing tunnels. A novel physical simulation system has been developed to simulate fault-crossing tunnels under coupled “strong shaking and fault dislocation” conditions. This system comprises a twin shaking table array, a non-uniform loading model box capable of applying combined “seismic motion and permanent displacement”, and a co-moving sliding support module. Additionally, an artificial ground motion synthesis method has been proposed to achieve synchronous and non-uniform inputs of “seismic motion and permanent displacement”, thereby establishing a hybrid input framework for the coupling effects of “strong ground motion and fault dislocation”. This framework facilitates the physical simulation of the mutual feedback response between the seismic wave field and the deformation displacement field on either side of the fault zone. Simultaneously, physical simulation experiments of the coupling effects of earthquakes and dislocation were conducted using the Daliang Tunnel as the background project. The effectiveness of the experimental device and method was analyzed based on the response characteristics of the shaking tables, the model test box, and the surrounding rock and lining structure of the fault-crossing tunnel. Furthermore, the damage phenomena observed in the Daliang Tunnel during the Menyuan earthquake under the coupling effects of “earthquake and dislocation” were successfully reproduced. This study provides a physical simulation methodology for subsequent in-depth research into the mechanisms of the “strong ground motion and fault dislocation” coupling effects in cross-fault tunnels and is expected to advance seismic design practices for fault-crossing tunnels.
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2026, Vol. 45 
