岩石钻孔爆破孔壁加载特征及其影响因素分析

doi:10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2024.0401

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摘要准确理解炸药传递至岩石介质的爆破荷载是工程爆破领域的痛难点，岩石钻孔爆破加载受装药结构、起爆位置及岩石介质等诸多复杂因素的影响，目前对孔壁荷载分布及炸药与岩石间的荷载传递等仍未形成统一的认识。基于爆轰产物一维流动模型，研究不同起爆位置下柱状药包的爆轰加载特征与荷载轴向分布规律；从爆轰产物膨胀与爆炸冲击波透反射的角度，分析炸药与岩石介质间的荷载径向传递特性；依托白马铁矿爆破开采，于相邻炮孔内开展了爆破冲击荷载测试试验，佐证装药结构及岩石介质条件对加载特征的影响；通过单孔爆破数值模拟分析，全面研究起爆位置、装药结构及介质波阻抗对岩石钻孔爆破孔壁加载的影响规律。结果表明：柱状药包的爆轰存在方向效应，孔壁荷载沿炮孔轴向并非均匀分布，一端与中点起爆条件下，孔壁荷载峰值在起爆位置最小，沿爆轰传播方向增加并趋于稳定；当柱状药包由两端同时起爆时，爆轰波会在药包中截面产生碰撞，进而导致爆炸荷载在药包中心位置产生突增；炸药类型、装药结构及介质波阻抗均会影响炸药–岩石介质的荷载传递特性，随着不耦合系数的增大，压力增大倍数增加，但冲击波入射压力减小，孔壁荷载峰值逐渐降低；不同岩石类型下，随着介质波阻抗的增大，冲击波入射压力基本一致，压力增大倍数增加，孔壁荷载峰值逐渐增大。现场实践中，针对不同的岩石介质，可通过改变炸药类型、装药结构及起爆位置等，调节孔壁荷载分布特征，以达到预想的爆破效果。

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	周海孝1
	2
	高启栋1
	2
	王光耀1
	2
	王亚琼1
	2
	冷振东3
	杨庆1
	2

关键词 ：岩石力学, 岩石钻孔爆破, 爆轰加载, 荷载传递, 起爆位置, 装药结构, 介质波阻抗

Abstract：Accurately understanding the loading characteristics on blasthole wall is important for rock blasting engineering. Many complex factors，such as the charge structure，initiation location，and rock wave impedance，have significant influences on the explosive loading characteristics in rock blasting. Therefore，the distribution of explosive loading on blasthole wall，as well as the transmission characteristics of blasting pressure between the explosive and the rock mass，are still unclear. In this study，based on the one-dimensional flow model of detonation products，the detonation loading characteristics of cylinder charge were investigated under different initiation locations. Subsequently，the transmission characteristics of blasting pressure between the explosive and the rock mass were studied，considering the propagation of shock waves and the expansion of detonation products. Furthermore，onsite blasting experiments at the Baima Iron were conducted to verify the influence of the charge structure and rock property on the impact loading curves. Finally，using numerical model with single blasthole，the influence of the initiation location，decoupling coefficient and rock mass on the loading characteristics was investigated. The results indicated that due to the directional effects along the charge，the blast loading on blasthole wall is non-uniform. In cases of bottom initiation and middle initiation，the peak explosive loading on blasthole wall is lowest at the initiation locations. However，as the detonation distance increases，the peak explosive loading gradually reaches a steady state. When explosives are initiated simultaneously from the top and bottom，the collision of shock waves occurs in the middle section of the charge，resulting in a sudden increase in blasting pressure at middle of the charge. Furthermore，the explosive type，charge structure，and wave impedance have influences on the transmission characteristics between the explosive and the rock medium. As the decoupling ratio increases，the pressure increase ratio gradually increase，while the pressure after the incident wave decreases. This results in a reduction of the explosive loading on blasthole wall. Under different rock masses，the pressures after the incident wave are at the same level. The pressure increase ratio gradually increases with the wave impedance，resulting in an increase in the explosive loading on blasthole wall. In practice，it is advisable to select the explosive type，charge structure，and initiation location according to the characteristics of the rock mass，so as to adjust the loading characteristics on blasthole wall，further improving the blasting excavation effects.

Key words： rock mechanics rock blasting detonation loading transmission of blasting pressure initiation location charge structure wave impedance

引用本文:

周海孝1，2，高启栋1，2，王光耀1，2，王亚琼1，2，冷振东3，杨庆1，2. 岩石钻孔爆破孔壁加载特征及其影响因素分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2025, 44(S1): 158-170.
ZHOU Haixiao1，2，GAO Qidong1，2，WANG Guangyao1，2，WANG Yaqiong1，2，LENG Zhendong3，YANG Qing1，2. Loading characteristics on blasthole wall and their influencing factors in rock blasting. , 2025, 44(S1): 158-170.

链接本文:

https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2024.0401 或 https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2025/V44/IS1/158

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