Deformation-failure and energy release characteristics of anchored slab-fractured surrounding rock
LIU Jiacheng1, 2, YU Guangyuan1, 3, HAN Qiang1, 3, LIANG Peng1, 3, LAI Youbang4, ZHANG Yanbo1, 3, FU Aojun1, 3, TAO Zhigang5
(1. School of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China; 2. Yisheng College/College of Iron & Steel Carbon Neutrality, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China; 3. Mine Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China;
4. Sijiaying Yanshan lron Ore, HBIS Group Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei 063700, China; 5. State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)
Abstract：To investigate the effects of anchoring on deformation, failure, and energy release characteristics of slab-fractured hard rock, this study prepared slab-fractured granite specimens with prefabricated fractures and fabricated ordinary anchor cables using steel wire ropes. By integrating CCD cameras, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring systems, and axial force sensors, the deformation and failure processes, AE signals, and axial forces of anchor cables were monitored during uniaxial compression experiments on both anchored and non-anchored slab-fractured granite specimens. The results demonstrated that: after anchor reinforcement, the average peak strength of the specimens increased by 8.94%, the average energy storage before rupture rose by 9.89%, and the average energy release during rupture decreased by 12.69%. During loading, the evolution of maximum principal strain in non-anchored specimens exhibited a “central→free-surface→synchronized propagation” pattern, while anchored specimens displayed a “free-surface→central→free-surface” pattern. Compared to non-anchored specimens, which experienced violent elastic ejection instability resulting in “V”-shaped fractures, anchored specimens maintained better structural integrity despite localized fractures, spalling, and minor fragment ejection. In the failure processes, AE energy release in non-anchored specimens was characterized by sporadic high-energy events dominated by tensile fractures, whereas anchored specimens exhibited frequent low-energy events associated with shear-tensile composite fractures. Finally, based on these findings, the anchoring mechanism was systematically discussed and summarized from two key aspects: the deformation suppression effect and the energy release buffering effect. The research results not only enhance the understanding of deformation and failure characteristics in slab-fractured rock under anchorage conditions but also provide both an experimental foundation and a theoretical basis for controlling slab-related geological hazards.
[1] 司雪峰，张子龙，宫凤强. 深部直墙拱形巷道围岩板裂破坏的试验研究[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报，2024，6(4)：115–129.(SI Xuefeng，ZHANG Zilong，GONG Fengqiang. Experimental study on spalling failure of rock in deep arch roadway with vertical walls[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering，2024，6(4)：115–129.(in Chinese))
[2] 周 辉，徐荣超，卢景景，等. 深埋隧洞板裂化围岩预应力锚杆锚固效应试验研究及机制分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2015，34(6)：1 081– 1 090.(ZHOU Hui，XU Rongchao，LU Jingjing，et al. Experimental investigations and mechanism analysis of anchoring effect of pre-stressed bolts for slabbing surrounding rock in deep tunnel[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2015，34(6)：1 081–1 090.(in Chinese))
[3] FAIRHURST C，COOK N G W. Thephenomenon of rock splitting parallel to the direction of maximum compression in the neighborhood of a surface[C]// Proceedings of the First Congress of International Society on Rock Mechanics. Lisbon：Laborat ó rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil，1966：687–692.
[4] CAI M. Influence of intermediate principal stress on rock fracturing and strength near excavation boundaries Insight from numerical modeling[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2008，45(5)：763–772.
[5] 陈绍杰，冯 帆，李夕兵，等. 复杂开采条件下深部硬岩板裂化破坏试验与模拟研究进展和关键问题[J]. 中国矿业大学学报，2023，52(5)：868–888.(CHEN Shaojie，FENG Fan，LI Xibing，et al. Research progress and key issues of laboratory test and numerical simulation for slabbing failure in hard rock under complex mining conditions[J]. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology，2023，52(5)：868–888.(in Chinese))
[6] LIU C H，LI Y Z. Analytical study of the mechanical behavior of fully grouted bolts in bedding rock slopes[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2017，50(9)：2 413–2 423.
[7] JIANG Y J，ZHANG S H，LUAN H J，et al. Numerical modelling of the performance of bolted rough joint subjected to shear load[J]. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and GeoResources，2022，8：140.
[8] 王 炯，姜 健，王思语，等. 1 G NPR锚索加锚砂岩单轴力学特性试验研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2024，52(11)：285–295.(WANG Jiong，JIANG Jian，WANG Siyu，et al. Experimental study on uniaxial mechanical properties of 1 G NPR anchor sandstone[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2024，52(11)：285–295.(in Chinese))
[9] 山世昌，吴拥政，付玉凯，等. 冲击载荷下加锚岩体抗剪力学特性[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报，2021，3(4)：24–33.(SHAN Shichang，WU Yongzheng，FU Yukai，et al. Experimental study on shear mechanical properties of anchored rock mass under impact load[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering，2021，3(4)：24–33.(in Chinese))
[10] 李军臣，吴拥政，付玉凯，等. 加锚煤样动态力学性能及变形破坏机制试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2025，44(4)：912–925.(LI Junchen，WU Yongzheng，FU Yukai，et al. Experimental investigation on dynamic mechanical properties and deformation failure mechanism of anchored coal samples[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2025，44(4)：912–925.(in Chinese))
[11] 王 斌，宁 勇，冯 涛，等. 单轴压缩条件下锚杆影响脆性岩体破裂的细观机制[J]. 岩土工程学报，2018，40(9)：1 593–1 600. (WANG Bin，NING Yong，FENG Tao，et al. Meso-mechanism of rock failure influenced by bolt anchorage under uniaxial compression loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2018，40(9)：1 593–1 600.(in Chinese))
[12] 宋 洋，范 波，王贺平. 考虑法向应力与岩石强度的加锚节理岩体剪切力学模型研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2023，42(6)：1 325– 1 335.(SONG Yang，FAN Bo，WANG Heping. Research on shear mechanics model of anchored-jointed rock mass considering normal stress and rock strength[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2023，42(6)：1 325–1 335.(in Chinese))
[13] CUI G J，ZHANG C Q，CHEN J L，et al. Effect of bolt inclination angle on shear behavior of bolted joints under CNL and CNS conditions[J]. Journal of Central South University，2020，27(3)：937–950.
[14] 刘才华，李育宗. 考虑横向抗剪效应的节理岩体全长黏结型锚杆锚固机制研究及进展[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2018，37(8)：1 856– 1 872.(LIU Caihua，LI Yuzong. Research progress in bolting mechanism and theories of fully grouted bolts in jointed rock masses[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2018，37(8)：1 856–1 872.(in Chinese))
[15] 刘泉声，雷广峰，彭星新，等. 节理岩体中锚杆剪切力学模型研究及试验验证[J]. 岩土工程学报，2018，40(5)：794–801.(LIU Quansheng，LEI Guangfeng，PENG Xingxin，et al. Shearing mechanical model and experimental verification of bolts in jointed rock mass[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2018，40(5)：794–801.(in Chinese))
[16] 徐荣超，周 辉，房敬年，等. 深埋隧洞板裂屈曲岩爆支护原则与关键技术[J]. 华中科技大学学报：自然科学版，2018，46(8)：110–115.(XU Rongchao，ZHOU Hui，FANG Jingnian，et al. Support principles and key technology of slab buckling rock burst in deep tunnel[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology：Natural Science Edition，2018，46(8)：110–115.(in Chinese))
[17] 周 辉，徐荣超，张传庆，等. 预应力锚杆对岩体板裂化的控制机制研究[J]. 岩土力学，2015，36(8)：2 129–2 136.(ZHOU Hui，XU Rongchao，ZHANG Chuanqing，et al. Study of controlling mechanism of slabbing failure of rockmass by prestressed anchor bolts[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2015，36(8)：2 129–2 136.(in Chinese))
[18] 周 辉，徐荣超，卢景景，等. 深埋隧洞板裂屈曲岩爆机制及物理模拟试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2015，34(增2)：3 658– 3 666.(ZHOU Hui，XU Rongchao，LU Jingjing，et al. Study on mechanisms and physical simulation experiment of slab buckling rockburst in deep tunnel[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2015，34(Supp.2)：3 658–3 666.(in Chinese))
[19] 金爱兵，陈 龙，吴顺川，等. 加载速率影响下板裂化脆性岩石失稳破坏试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2024，46(6)：1 215–1 225.(JIN Aibing，CHEN Long，WU Shunchuan，et al. Experimental study on instability destruction of slab-failure brittle rock under influences of loading rates[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2024，46(6)：1 215–1 225.(in Chinese))
[20] 于光远. 龙家堡煤矿特厚煤层回采巷道冲击地压机理及防控研究[博士学位论文][D]. 北京：中国矿业大学(北京)，2022.(YU Guangyuan. Study on mechanism and prevention of rockburst in the mining roadway of ultra-thick coal seams in Longjiapu coal mine[Ph. D. Thesis][D]. Beijing：China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing)，2022.(in Chinese))
[21] 宫伟力，朱道勇，王 炯，等. 基于模型试验的NPR锚索支护巷道变形及能量方程验证[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报，2020，37(5)：918–927.(GONG Weili，ZHU Daoyong，WANG Jiong，et al. Deformation and energy equation verification of NPR anchor cable support roadway based on model test[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering，2020，37(5)：918–927.(in Chinese))
[22] SUN X，WANG L，CUI L，et al. Experimental investigation of biaxial compressive mechanical property of NPR anchored rock with different preload forces[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research，2024，146：105621.
[23] 唐一举，郝天轩，李 帆，等. 考虑应变速率效应的煤岩能量演化和红外辐射特征分析研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2022，41(6)： 1 126–1 135.(TANG Yiju，HAO Tianxuan，LI Fan，et al. Energy evolution and infrared radiation characterization of coal rocks considering strain rate effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2022，41(6)：1 126–1 135.(in Chinese))
[24] 张艳博，杨 震，姚旭龙，等. 花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射信号及破裂特征实验研究[J]. 煤炭学报，2018，43(1)：95–104.(ZHANG Yanbo，YANG Zhen，YAO Xulong，et al. Experimental study on rockburst acoustic emission signal and fracture characteristics in granite roadway[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2018，43(1)：95–104.(in Chinese))
[25] 刘俊岭，李佳其，梁 鹏，等. 花岗岩剪切破坏过程声发射横、纵波特征试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2023，42(2)：429–440.(LIU Junling，LI Jiaqi，LIANG Peng，et al. Experimental study on characteristics of acoustic emission S-wave and P-wave of granite under shear failure process[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2023，42(2)：429–440.(in Chinese))
[26] 王 立，倪 彬，谢 伟，等. 不同粒径黄砂岩微观–宏观裂纹演化机制研究[J]. 岩土力学，2022，43(增2)：373–381.(WANG Li，NI Bin，XIE Wei，et al. Microscopic-macroscopic crack evolution mechanism of yellow sandstone with different particle sizes[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2022，43(Supp.2)：373–381.(in Chinese))
[27] 张艳博，黄晓红，李莎莎，等. 含水砂岩在破坏过程中的频谱特性分析[J]. 岩土力学，2013，34(6)：1 574–1 578.(ZHANG Yanbo，HUANG Xiaohong，LI Shasha，et al. Spectral character analysis of sandstone under saturation condition in rupture procedure[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2013，34(6)：1 574–1 578.(in Chinese))
[28] 范财源，孟范宝，刘金锋. 单轴压缩作用下岩石脆性破裂机制的声发射识别[J]. 中山大学学报：自然科学版(中英文)，2023，62(3)：14–24.(FAN Caiyuan，MENG Fanbao，LIU Jinfeng. Characterization of brittle failure modes of rocks under uniaxial compression using acoustic emission[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni，2023，62(3)：14–24.(in Chinese))
[29] 刘 健，王晓军，徐莎莎，等. 基于声发射RA-AF值识别不同岩爆倾向性灰岩破裂特征[J]. 金属矿山，2022，(10)：16–23.(LIU Jian，WANG Xiaojun，XU Shasha，et al. Identification of limestone fracture characteristics with different rockburst propensities based on acoustic emission RA-AF values[J]. Metal Mine，2022，(10)：16–23.(in Chinese))
[30] 王桂林，王润秋，孙 帆，等. 单轴压缩下溶隙灰岩声发射RA-AF特征及破裂模式研究[J]. 中国公路学报，2022，35(8)：118–128. (WANG Guilin，WANG Runqiu，SUN Fan，et al. RA-AF characteristics of acoustic emission and failure mode of Karst-fissure limestone under uniaxial compression[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport，2022，35(8)：118–128.(in Chinese))
[31] 隆能增，任 松，吴 斐，等. 酸性干湿循环下泥质砂岩劣化及声发射演化特征识别研究[J]. 岩土力学，2024，45(9)：2 653–2 668. (LONG Nengzeng，REN Song，WU Fei，et al. Degradation of argillaceous sandstone and identification of acoustic emission evolution characteristics under acidic wet-dry cycles[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2024，45(9)：2 653–2 668.(in Chinese))
[32] Federation of Construction Materials Industries. JCMS-Ⅲ B5706 Monitoring method for active cracks in concrete by acoustic emission[S]. Japan：Federation of Construction Materials Industries，2003.
2025, Vol. 44 
