大型地下洞室硬岩应力–结构型塌方特征与机制

doi:10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0710

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摘要应力–岩体结构控制型塌方是深部大型地下洞室较完整岩体中常见的灾害，严重威胁施工安全与支护结构稳定性。依托白鹤滩水电站地下厂房顶拱开挖所构建的塌方实例库，通过现场调查、施工–应力–地质多因素分析、岩体卸荷测试与理论分析，系统探究强卸荷条件下硬岩应力–结构型塌方的发育特征与形成机制，结果表明：（1）塌方多发生于掌子面附近洞段的应力集中区，塌方区周边岩体损伤显著，常伴片帮剥落。塌方深度一般小于2 m。该区域岩体以Ⅱ，Ⅲ级为主，通常发育2～3组硬性无充填Ⅳ级结构面，其地质强度指标GSI取值为45～70；（2）诱发塌方的应力门槛值为（0.3～0.5）?c（其中，?c为岩石单轴抗压强度），且存在至少1组与洞轴线及洞壁呈小夹角（0°～40°）的优势结构面；（3）在复杂开挖卸荷作用下，围岩浅部优势结构面受切向集中应力作用沿其端部扩展开裂，并逐渐向平行于洞壁的方向延伸，最终与其他结构面及洞壁贯通形成塌方，电镜扫描与室内试验表明该开裂过程以张拉破坏为主；（4）施工外因分析表明，通过优化开挖方案、支护参数与支护时机能够有效抑制或减少应力–结构型塌方，裂化抑制法可用以优化此类塌方的防控策略。研究成果对于深部硬岩地下工程应力–结构型塌方机制的认知及防控具有参考价值。

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	刘国锋1
	江权2*
	段淑倩3
	丰光亮2
	赵金帅4
	牛自卫1
	李琦1

关键词 ：岩石力学, 开挖卸荷, 应力&ndash, 结构型塌方, 破坏机制, 深埋洞室, 优势结构面

Abstract：Collapse controlled by stress and rock mass structure (hereafter referred to as stress-structure collapse) is a prevalent hazard in relatively intact rock masses of large deep underground caverns, significantly threatening construction safety and the stability of supporting structures. This study systematically investigates the characteristics and formation mechanisms of stress-structure controlled collapse in hard rock under strong unloading conditions, based on a collapse case database established from the roof excavation of the underground powerhouse at the Baihetan (BHT) Hydropower Station. The investigation employs field studies, multi-factor analysis of construction-stress-geology, rock mass unloading tests, and theoretical analysis. The research findings indicate the following: (1) Collapses predominantly occur in stress concentration zones of cavern sections near the working face, where substantial damage to the surrounding rock is evident, often accompanied by spalling failure. The depth of the collapse is generally less than 2 m. The rock mass in the collapse area is primarily classified as Class II or III, typically containing two or three groups of hard unfilled structural planes of Class IV, with a geological strength index (GSI) ranging from 45 to 70. (2) The stress threshold value inducing collapse formation is approximately 30% to 50% of the rock’s uniaxial compressive strength, with at least one group of dominant structural planes intersecting the tunnel axis and the excavation tunnel wall at a small angle (i.e., 0° to 40°). (3) Under the strong unloading effects of cavern excavation, the dominant structural planes in the shallow surrounding rock propagate along their tips due to the concentration of tangential stress, gradually extending in a direction parallel to the excavation surface and ultimately connecting with other structural planes and the cavern wall, leading to collapse. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laboratory test results indicate that this cracking process is primarily governed by tensile failure. (4) Analysis of construction-induced factors demonstrates that stress-structure collapse can be effectively mitigated or redirected by optimizing excavation schemes, support parameters, and support timing. The cracking-restraint design method (CRD) can be employed to enhance prevention and control strategies for such collapses. The research outcomes provide guidance for understanding the mechanisms of stress-structure collapse and its prevention in deep rock engineering.

Key words： rock mechanics excavation unloading stress-structure controlled collapse failure mechanism deep cavern dominant structural plane

引用本文:

刘国锋1，江权2*，段淑倩3，丰光亮2，赵金帅4，牛自卫1，李琦1. 大型地下洞室硬岩应力–结构型塌方特征与机制[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026, 45(4): 1048-1064.
LIU Guofeng1, JIANG Quan2*, DUAN Shuqian3, FENG Guangliang2, ZHAO Jinshuai4, NIU Ziwei1, LI Qi1. Characteristics and mechanism of stress-structure controlled collapse in hard rock around the large-scale underground caverns. , 2026, 45(4): 1048-1064.

链接本文:

https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0710 或 https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2026/V45/I4/1048

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