(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering，Sichuan University，Chengdu，Sichuan 610005，China；2. School of Water Resources and Hydropower，Sichuan University，Chengdu，Sichuan 610065，China；3. College of Life Science，Sichuan University，Chengdu，Sichuan 610065，China；4. Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment，Sichuan University，Chengdu，Sichuan 610065，China；5. Shandong Academy of Building Research，Jinan，Shandong 250031，China)
Abstract：Modern cities have been expanded rapidly and crowded with skyscrapers，which inevitably yields severe environmental pollution，resource shortage，traffic conjunction and exorbitant housing prices. These urban problems have significantly restricted the healthy development of urbanization. The 21st century is marked by the anthropogenic utilization of underground space，but the sustainable development is confined by the current passive and extensive underground exploitations in a single-function and disorderly manner. The mode of exploitation and utilization in the foreseeable future should be changed from the passive to an active manner with the features to be ecologically，integrated，deeper and informational. In this study，some key principles for underground space exploitation were proposed. The different stages for deep earth science from era 1.0–5.0，the corresponding top plan conception and strategic blueprint were presented. Taking the unique advantages of the deep space，such as the clean environment，sound and quake insolation，natural disaster prevention，low background radiation and constant temperature and humidity，the idea and associated subversive technology have also been proposed with the aim to utilize the underground space for self-balancing and multi-layered ecological city through the deep underground energy resource generation and recycling system，harmless treatment and storage system of wastes in deep underground circumstances. The deep underground city with the full-chain deep underground ecosystem will be constructed with the capacity for settlement，health-care，manufacturing and scientific research. These functions will realize the prospect of utilizing the space and resources from the underground. The idea of underground cities and ecosystems will fundamentally relieve the conflict between the rapid population growth and relative shortage of surface land resources，which will be an important step to realize the sustainable development of human society in the future.
谢和平1，高明忠2，张 茹2，徐 恒3，4，王勇威5，邓建辉2. 地下生态城市与深地生态圈战略构想及其关键技术展望[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2017, 36(6): 1301-1313.
XIE Heping1，GAO Mingzhong2，ZHANG Ru2，XU Heng3，4，WANG Yongwei5，DENG Jianhui2. The subversive idea and its key technical prospect on underground ecological city and ecosystem. , 2017, 36(6): 1301-1313.
[1] 谢和平. 创新低碳技术推进城市绿色发展[J]. 中国城市经济，2011，(10)：21–22.(XIE Heping. Innovation of low carbon technology to promote urban green development[J]. China Urban Economy，2011，(10)：21–22.(in Chinese))
[2] 谢和平. 深部固体矿产资源流态化开采关键技术[R]. 北京：教育部科技委地学与资源学部，2016.(XIE Heping. Key technologies of fluidized mining for deep solid mineral resources[R]. Beijing：Land and Resources Department of Ministry of Education，2016.(in Chinese))
[3] 谢和平. 煤炭科学开采与技术变革[R]. 北京：中国工程院国际工程科技大会报告，2014.(XIE Heping. Coal mining and technological revolution[R]. Beijng：International Conference on Engineering Science and technology of China Academy of Engineering，2014.(in Chinese))
[4] 谢和平. 煤炭科技之探索和展望[R]. 北京：煤炭工业十三五科技发展规划编制会议报告，2015.(XIE Heping. Exploration and prospect of coal science and technology[R]. Beijing：The Prepare Conference Report of 13th Five-Year the Coal Industry Development Planning，2015.(in Chinese))
[5] 谢和平. 煤炭绿色开发利用与煤基多元协同清洁能源技术革命研究[R]. 北京：[s.n.]，2016.(XIE Heping. Research on the coal green development and utilization and revolution of coal-based multi-synergistic clean energy technologies[R]. Beijing：[s.n.]，2016.(in Chinese))
[6] 谢和平，高 峰，鞠 杨，等. 深地科学领域的若干颠覆性技术构想和研究方向[J]. 工程科学与技术，2016，49(1)：1–8.(XIE Heping， GAO Feng，JU Yang，et al. Novel idea and disruptive technologies for the exploration and research of deep earth[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences，2016，49(1)：1–8.(in Chinese))
[7] 朱作荣，束 显. 关于城市地下空间利用的东京宣言[J]. 地下空间，1992，12(1)：64–65.(ZHU Zuorong，SHU Xian. Tokyo Declaration on the utilization of urban underground space[J]. Underground Space，1992，12(1)：64–65.(in Chinese))
[8] 谢和平，周宏伟，薛东杰，等. 煤炭深部开采与极限开采深度的研究与思考[J]. 煤炭学报，2012，37(4)：535–542.(XIE Heping，ZHOU Hongwei，XUE Dongjie，et al. Research and consideration on deep coal mining and critical mining depth[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2012，37(4)：535–542.(in Chinese))
[9] 谢和平，高 峰，鞠 杨，等. 深部开采的定量界定与分析[J]. 煤炭学报，2015，40(1)：1–10.(XIE Heping，GAO Feng，JU Yang，et al. Quantitative definition and investigation of deep mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2015，40(1)：1–10.(in Chinese))
[10] 谢和平，高 峰，鞠 杨. 深地岩体力学研究与探索[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2015，34(11)：2 161–2 177.(XIE Heping，GAO Feng，JU Yang. Research and development of rock mechanics in deep ground engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2015，34(11)：2 161–2 177.(in Chinese))
[11] 童林旭. 地下空间与未来城市[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2005，1(3)：323–328.(TONG Linxu. Underground space and future city[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2005，1(3)：323–328.(in Chinese))
[12] 李晓红，王宏图，杨春和，等. 城市地下空间开发利用问题的探讨[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2005，1(3)：319–322.(LI Xiaohong，WANG Hongtu，YANG Chunhe，et al. Discussion about development and utilization of underground space in mountain city[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2005，1(3)：319–322.(in Chinese))
[13] ZHAO W J，PENG L F，WANG T Q，et al. Advances in master planning of urban underground space(UUS) in China[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2015，55(5)：290–307.
[14] WANG X，ZHEN F，HUANG X J，et al. Factors influencing the development potential of urban underground space：structural equation model approach[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2013，38(3)：235–243.
[15] 谢和平. 深地科学三个颠覆性创新理论与技术构想[R]. 北京：地球深部探测中心，2016.(XIE Heping. Three disruptive innovation theories and technical ideas of deep science[R]. Beijing：Deep Earth Exploration Center，2016.(in Chinese))
[16] HULME W T，ZHAO J. Underground space development in Singapore-the past，present and future[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，1999，14(4)：407.
[17] ZHOU Y，ZHAO J. Advances and challenges in underground space use in Singapore[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS and AGSSEA，2016，47(3)：85–95.
[18] ZHOU Y X，ZHAO J. Assessment and planning of underground space use in Singapore[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2016，55(5)：249–256.
[19] 陈 薇. 新加坡拟建地下科学城穴居时代或来临[OL]. 环球网，2013.(CHEN Wei. Singapore proposed underground science city and the cave period is coming[OL]. World Wide Web，2013.(in Chinese))
[20] 李小春，蒋宇静. 日本的地下空间利用[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2004，23(增2)：4 770–4 777.(LI Xiaochun，JIANG Yujing. Underground space utilizations in Japan[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2004，23(Supp.2)：4 770–4 777.(in Chinese))
[21] WALLACE I M，NG C K. Development and application of underground space use in Hong Kong[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology，2016，55(5)：257–279.
[22] 伏海艳，朱良成. 善用地下空间资源—香港地下空间发展的经验和启示[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2016，12(2)：293–298.(FU Haiyan，ZHU Liangcheng. Enhanced use of underground space resources—— experiences and enlightenments of underground space development in Hong Kong[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2016，12(2)：293–298.(in Chinese))
[23] ULIASZ-MISIAK B，PRZYBYCIN A. Present and future status of the underground space[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences，2016，75(22)：1 430.
[24] 李 微，陈志龙，郭东军. 国外城市地下空间规划借鉴——以赫尔辛基为例[J]. 国际城市规划，2016，31(3)：119–124.(LI Wei，CHEN Zhilong，GUO Dongjun. Study on urban underground space plan abroad：the practice and experience of Helsinki[J]. Urban Planning International，2016，31(3)：119–124.(in Chinese))
[25] VÄHÄAHO I. An introduction to the development for urban underground space in Helsinki[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2015，55：324–328.
[26] VÄHÄAHO I. Underground space planning in Helsinki[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering，2014，6(5)：387–398.
[27] 范剑才，赵 坚，赵志业. 新加坡NTU深层地下空间规划探讨[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2016，12(3)：600–606.(FAN Jiancai，ZHAO Jian，ZHAO Zhiye. Planning of deep underground space in NTU campus[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering， 2016，12(3)：600–606.(in Chinese))
[28] QIAN Q H. Present state，problems and development trends of urban underground space in China[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology，2016，55：280–289.
[29] 钱七虎. 中国城市地下空间开发利用的现状评价和前景展望[J]. 民防苑，2006，88(增1)：1–5.(QIAN Qihu. Evaluation of the status and outlook of the urban underground space development and utilization in China[J]. Civil Defense Realm，2006，88(Supp.1)：1–5.(in Chinese))
[30] 倪华明. 上海城市地下空间如何导入生态要素[J]. 上海城市规划， 2009，(6)：32–35.(NI Huaming. Analysis of current state of ecological elements introducing in underground space[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review，2009，(6)：32–35.(in Chinese))
[31] 甘 源. 上海世博园地下空间阳光导入技术分析[J]. 四川建筑，2016，36(5)：30–32.(GAN Yuan. Analysis on the technology of sunlight introduction of underground space in Shanghai Expo Park[J]. Sichuan Architecture，2016，36(5)：30–32.(in Chinese))
[32] 陈立道. 上海城区地下空间开发利用的探讨(上)[J]. 上海建设科技，1999，(5)：10–12.(CHEN Lidao. Discussion on development and utilization of underground space in Shanghai(Part 1)[J]. Shanghai Construction Science and Technology，1999，(5)：10–12.(in Chinese))
[33] 陈立道. 上海城区地下空间开发利用的探讨(下)[J]. 上海建设科技，1999，(6)：30–31.(CHEN Lidao. Discussion on development and utilization of underground space in Shanghai(Part 2)[J]. Shanghai Construction Science and Technology，1999，(6)：30–31.(in Chinese))
[34] 潘丽珍，李传斌，祝文君. 青岛市城市地下空间开发利用规划研究[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2006，2(增1)：1 093–1 099.(PAN Lizhen，LI ChuanBin，ZHU Wenjun. Underground space exploitation planning of Qingdao city[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2006，2(Supp.1)：1 093–1 099.(in Chinese))
[35] 智庆玺，张可宗，栾勇鹏，等. 新空间格局下青岛城市地下空间开发战略研究[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2014，10(增1)：1 518–1 525. (ZHI Qingxi，ZHANG Kezong，LUAN Yongpeng，et al. Research on urban underground space development strategy of Qingdao city under new spatial pattern[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2014，10(Supp.1)：1 518–1 525.(in Chinese))
[36] 李传斌，潘丽珍，马培娟. 城市地下空间开发利用规划编制方法的探索-以青岛为例[J]. 现代城市研究，2008，(3)：19–29.(LI Chuanbin，PAN Lizhen，MA Peijuan. On the planning method of underground space exploitation：a case of Qingdao[J]. Modern Urban Research，2008，(3)：19–29.(in Chinese))
[37] NIKOLAI B. Mainstreaming sustainable development into a city?s Master plan：a case of urban underground space use[J]. Land Use Policy，2009，26(4)：1 128–1 137.
[38] DHAKAL S. Urban energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Asian Mega-cities[R]. [S.l.]：Institute for Global Environmental Strategies，2004.
[39] 王 虹. 我国煤矿巷道掘进技术和装备的现状与发展[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2010，38(1)：57–62.(WANG Hong. Present Status and development of mine road way heading technology and equipment in china coal mine[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2010，38(1)：57–62.(in Chinese))
[40] 宋宏伟，周 玉. 中国煤矿巷道快速掘进技术的发展与展望[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报，2013，30(增1)：1–7.(SONG Hongwei，ZHOU Yu. Development and prospect of rapid roadway drivage technology for colliery in China[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering，2013，30(Supp.1)：1–7.(in Chinese))
[41] H BRASWELL B，S SCHIMEL D，LINDER E，et al. The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability[J]. Science，1997，278：870–873.
[42] BIRKHEAD T. Stormy outlook for long-term ecology studies[J]. Nature，2014，514：405.
[43] FRANK D，REICHSTEIN M，MIGLIETTA F. Impact of climate variability and extremes on the carbon cycle of the mediterranean region[J]. Advances in Global Change Research，2013，51：31–47.
[44] ROBERTS DON V. Sustainable development and the use of underground space[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology，1996，11(4)：383–390.
[45] PAUL K F，MICHAEL K，MUTHUKUMARA M. Being prepared：natural disasters are becoming more frequent，more destructive，and deadlier，and poor countries are being hit the hardest[J]. Finance and Development，2003：42–45.
[46] CHRISTOPHER D F R，PARKER H，RAYMOND S，et al. Sustainability issues for underground space in urban areas[J]. Urban Design and Planning，2012，165(4)：241–254.
[47] JOHN G. Encyclopedia of caves and Karst science[J]. Reference Reviews，2004，(6)：46.
[48] 李 溪，杨晓霞，向 旭，等. 国外洞穴医疗研究综述[J]. 中国岩溶，2014，33(3)：379–385.(LI Xi，YANG Xiaoxia，XIANG Xu，et al. Review of foreign research on speleotherapy[J]. Carsologica Sinica，2014，33(3)：379–385.(in Chinese))
[49] 李爱民. 常见病与自然疗法系列(六)奇特的岩洞疗法[J]. 健康人生，2015，(4)：38–39.(LI Aiming. Common diseases and natural therapy series of six：strange cave therapies[J]. Health Life，2015，(4)：38–39.(in Chinese))
[50] SATTA L，AUGUSTI-TOCCO G，CECCARELLI R，et al. Low environmental radiation background impairs biological defense of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to chemical radiomimetic agents[J]. Mut Res，1995，347：129–133.
[51] SATTA L，ANTONELLI F，BELLI M，et al. Influence of a low background radiation environment on biochemical and biological responses in V79 cells[J]. Radiat Environ Biophys，2002，41：217–224.
[52] 苗 苗. 英国将地下防空洞变为农场[J]. 科学大观园，2015，(23)：9.(MIAO Miao. The British turned the underground air raid shelter into a farm[J]. Science Park，2015，(23)：9.(in Chinese))
[53] 庞继先. 苏联利用废矿井种植蔬菜[J]. 农村实用工程技术，1990，(6)：29.(PANG Jixian. Vegetables were planted using waste mine in the Soviet union[J]. Agricultural Industrialization，1990，(6)：29.(in Chinese))
[54] ZACHARIAS J. Pedestrian dynamics，layout and economic effects in Montreal?s underground city[J]. Urban Planning International，2007，22(6)：21–27.
[55] SURHONE L M，TENNOE M T，HENSSONOW S F. Underground city[M]. Beau Bassin-Rose Hill，Mauritius：Betascript Publishing，2013：108.
[56] 姚金凌. 大阪彩虹地下商店街，日本[J]. 世界建筑，1986，(2)：56–57.(YAO Jinling. Osaka rainbow underground shopping street， Japan[J]. World Architecture，1986，(2)：56–57.(in Chinese))
[57] BARDGETT R D，BOWMAN W D，KAUFMANN R，et al. A temporal approach to linking aboveground and belowground ecology[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution，2005，20(11)：634–641.
[58] 贺金生，王政权，方精云. 全球变化下的地下生态学：问题与展望[J]. 科学通报，2004，49(13)：1 226–1 233.(HE Jinsheng，WANG Zhengquan，FANG Jingyun. Issues and prospects of below ground ecology with special reference to global climate change[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin，2004，49(13)：1 226–1 233.(in Chinese))
[59] 周珏琳. 纽约地下公园实验室向公众开放[J]. 风景园林，2015，(12)：13.(ZHOU Juelin. New York underground park laboratory open to the public[J]. Landscape Architecture，2015，(12)：13.(in Chinese))
[60] 沈 磊，李津莉，侯勇军，等. 整体的把控本质的追求-天津文化中心规划设计实践与思考[J]. 建筑学报，2013，(6)：70–75.(SHEN Lei，LI Jinli，HOU Yongjun，et al. Integrated control，essential pursuit practice and exploration of the planning and design for Tianjin culture center[J]. Architectural Journal，2013，(6)：70–75.(in Chinese))
[61] 张佳华，姚凤梅. 陆地表面复杂过程中植物生态系统的作用[J]. 水土保持学报，2000，14(4)：55–59.(ZHANG Jiahua，YAO Fengmei. Function of plant ecosystem in land surface complex process[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，2000，14(4)：55–59.(in Chinese))
[62] PANEL M L. The future of geothermal energy：impact of enhanced geothermal systems(EGS) on the United States in the 21st century[J]. Geothermics，2006，17(5)：881–882.
[63] 王晓星，吴能友，苏 正. 增强型地热系统开发技术研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展，2012，27(1)：15–22.(WANG Xiaoxing，WU Nengyou，SU Zheng. Progress of the enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) development technology[J]. Progress in Geophysics，2012，27(1)：15–22.(in Chinese))
[64] 谢和平，侯正猛，高 峰，等. 煤矿井下抽水蓄能发电新技术原理、现状及展望[J]. 煤炭学报，2015，40(5)：966–972.(XIE Heping，HOU Zhengmeng，GAO Feng，et al. A new technology of pumped- storage power in underground coalmine：principles，present situation and future[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2015，40(5)：966–972.(in Chinese))
[65] 西伟力. 日本垃圾分类及处理现状[J]. 环境卫生工程，2007，15(2)：23–24.(XI Weili. Waste classification and treatment status in Japan[J]. Environmental Sanitation Engineering，2007，15(2)：23–24.(in Chinese))
2017, Vol. 36 
