Fully automatic identifying the structural planes with panoramic images of boreholes
ZOU Xianjian1，2，WANG Chuanying1，HAN Zengqiang1，WANG Jincaho1，WANG Yiteng1，SONG Huan2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering，Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Wuhan，Hubei 430071，China；2. School of Electronic Information，Wuhan University，Wuhan，Hubei 430072，China)
Abstract：Panoramic digital cameras for boreholes have been widely employed in engineering practice，and a large number of high accuracy images of boreholes have been obtained. The borehole images record accurately the geological features，especially the structural features of the structural planes. However，since the acquisition of these features is usually undertaken manually，the workload is large and the results can be affected by many man made factors. To solve this problem，this paper presents a method of fully automatic identification of structural planes with the panoramic camera images of borehole. In this method，the gray level of images，the gradient and the projection method are employed to distinguish the region and the area of the structural plane occurrence. The standard sine function matching is employed to search the structural plane in the region. The optimal sine curve is screened out and adopted as the feature curve of structure plane. The parameters of the feature curve are analyzed and converted into the parameters of the structural plane required in engineering projects，such as the position，the inclination，the dip angle and the fracture width，etc. The results show that the method can automatically identify the structural plane with the borehole image continuously and quickly and can obtain the corresponding structural parameters accurately. The method is stable and reliable. Compared with the traditional methods，this method realizes the fully automatic identification of the whole structural planes and the extraction of geometric parameters. It improves greatly the working efficiency，and provides an effective solution for the post processing and information acquisition of the borehole image.
[1] ZOHREH M，JUNIN R，JEFFREYS P. Evaluate the borehole condition to reduce drilling risk and avoid potential well bore damages by using image logs[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering，2014，122：318–330.
[2] JOHN H W，CAROLE D J. Acoustic and optical borehole-wall imaging for fractured-rock aquifer studies[J]. Journal of Applied Geophysics，2004，55(1)：151–159.
[3] 王川婴，LAWK T. 钻孔摄像技术的发展与现状[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(19)：42–50.(WANG Chuanying，LAWK T. Review of borehole camera technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2005，24(19)：42–50.(in Chinese))
[4] 康红普，司林坡，苏 波. 煤岩体钻孔结构观测方法及应用[J]. 煤炭学报，2010，35(12)：1 949–1 956.(KANG Hongpi，SI Linpo，SU Bo，et al. Borehole observation methods in coal and rock mass and their applications[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2010，35(12)：1 949–1 956.(in Chinese))
[5] 王川婴，葛修润，白世伟. 数字式全景钻孔摄像系统研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2002，21(3)：398–403.(WANG Chuanying，GE Xiurun，BAI Shiwei. Study of the digital panoramic borehole camera system[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2002，21(3)：398–403.(in Chinese))
[6] SCHEPERS R，RAFAT G，GELBKE C，et al. Application of borehole logging，core imaging and tomography to geotechnical exploration[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2001，38(6)：867–876.
[7] LOFI J，PEZARD P，LOGGIA D，et al. Geological discontinuities，main flow path and chemical alteration in a marly hill prone to slope instability：assessment from petrophysical measurements and borehole image analysis[J]. Hydrological Processes，2012，26(14)：2 071–2 084.
[8] MALONE T，HUBBARD B，MERTON-LYN D，et al. Borehole and ice feature annotation tool(BIFAT)：a program for the automatic and manual annotation of glacier borehole images[J]. Computers and Geosciences，2013，51：381–389.
[9] 王川婴，葛修润，白世伟. 数字式全景钻孔摄像系统及应用[J]. 岩土力学，2001，22(4)：522–525.(WANG Chuanying，GE Xiurun，BAI Shiwei. The digital panoramic borehole camera system and its application[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2001，22(4)：522–525.(in Chinese))
[10] BHASKAR B T，PAUL H，KENZI K. Semi-automatic analysis of rock fracture orientations from borehole wall images[J]. Geophysics，1997，62(1)：129–137.
[11] ZOU X J，MA Z M，HU W B，et al. B-mode ultrasound imaging measurement and 3D reconstruction of submerged topography in sediment-laden flow[J]. Measurement，2015，72：20–31.
[12] 宋 欢，王川婴，邹先坚，等. 基于B超图像的水下模型地形提取方法[J]. 应用基础与工程科学学报，2015，23(2)：225–232.(SONG Huan，WANG Chuanying，ZOU Xianjian，et al. An extracting method of underwater model topography based on B-mode ultrasound images[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering，2015，23(2)：225–232.(in Chinese))
[13] AL-SIT W，AL-NUAIMY W，MARELLI M，et al. Visual texture for automated characterization of geological features in borehole televiewer imagery[J]. Journal of Applied Geophysics，2015，119：139–146.
[14] 吴 剑，冯少孔，李宏阶. 钻孔成像中结构面自动判读技术研究[J]. 岩土力学，2011，32(3)：951–957.(WU Jian，FENG Shaokong，LI Hongjie. Study of automatically extracting structural plane parameters from borehole images[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2011，32(3)：951–957.(in Chinese))
[15] 杨 举，晏鄂川，季惠彬，等. 基于数字钻孔影像的深部结构面类型识别及发育特征研究[J]. 工程地质学报，2011，19(3)：332–337.(YANG Ju，YAN Echuan，JI Huibin，et al. Digital drillhole images based identification of discontinuity classification and development in deep rocks[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology，2011，19(3)：332–337.(in Chinese))
[16] OZKAYA S I. KINKFOLD-an autoLISP program for construction of geological cross-sections using borehole image data[J]. Computers and Geosciences，2002，28(3)：409–420.
[17] 曹洋兵，晏鄂川，胡德新，等. 岩体结构面产状测量的钻孔摄像技术及其可靠性[J]. 地球科学：中国地质大学学报，2014，39(4)：473–480.(CAO Yangbing，YAN Echuan，HU Dexin，et al. Calculation methods of rock mass discontinuity orientation measured by borehole camera technology and technology reliability[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences：Earth Science，2014，39(4)：473–480.(in Chinese))
[18] GLOSSOP K，LISBOA P J G，RUSSELL P C，et al. An implementation of the Hough transformation for the identification and labeling of fixed period sinusoidal curves[J]. Computer Vision and Image Understanding，1999，74(1)：96–100.
[19] 葛修润，王川婴. 数字式全景钻孔摄像技术与数字钻孔[J]. 地下空间，2001，21(4)：254–261.(GE Xiurun，WANG Chuanying. Digital panoramic borehole camera technique and digital borehole[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2001，21(4)：254–261.(in Chinese))
[20] ZOU X J，SONG H，WANG C Y，et al. Relationships between B-mode ultrasound imaging signals and suspended sediment concentrations[J]. Measurement，2016，92：34–41.
[21] 路志英，刘 海，贾惠珍，等. 基于雷达反射率图像特征的冰雹暴雨识别[J]. 物理学报，2014，63(18)：485–496.(LU Zhiying，LIU Hai，JIA Huizhen，et al. Recognition of hail and rainstorm based on the radar reflectivity image features[J]. Acta Physica Sinica，2014，63(18)：485–496.(in Chinese))
[22] ZOU X J，WANG C Y，SONG H，et al. Experimental measurements of sediment incipient velocity by using B-scan ultrasound imaging device in the water channel[J]. Measurement，2017，98：228–236.
2017, Vol. 36 
