Size effect on anchorage resistance of Quasi-NPR bolt
HUANG Man1, 2, WANG Yuhao1, 2, TAO Zhigang3, HONG Chenjie1, 2*, WENG Hanqian3, ZHANG Guangtao1, 2, ZHANG Haijiang1, 2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Deep Metal Mining and Equipment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; 2. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards, School of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; 3. State Key Laboratory of Tunnel Engineering, China University of Mining and
Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)
Abstract：Quasi-negative Poisson′s ratio (Quasi-NPR) bolts, a novel reinforcement component, have been increasingly utilized in slope and tunnel support engineering. To further investigate their anchoring characteristics in large-scale rock masses with muddy interlayers, direct shear tests were conducted on mud-filled joints anchored with Quasi-NPR bolts. The analysis evaluated the anchorage shear performance under varying filling degrees (0–2) and joint lengths (100–400 mm), with comparisons made to conventional positive Poisson′s ratio (PR) bolts (HRB400). The results indicate the following: (1) At the same filling degrees, the post-peak stress drop in HRB400-bolted filled joints becomes more pronounced with increasing joint length. In contrast, Quasi-NPR-bolted filled joints exhibit relatively stable performance, accompanied by a gradually diminishing decay in residual shear strength. This suggests that Quasi-NPR bolts offer anchoring advantages during the residual stage, primarily due to their ability to mitigate the size effect on residual shear strength. (2) Although Quasi-NPR bolts develop smaller plastic hinges in small-scale specimens, these hinges gradually expand with increasing joint length, ultimately exceeding those observed in HRB400 bolts. This highlights the superior deformation adaptability of Quasi-NPR bolts in large-scale jointed rock masses. (3) The anchorage resistance ratio of Quasi-NPR bolts decreases with increasing filling degree and joint length. When the filling degree exceeds 1.6 and the joint length surpasses 300 mm, the ratio tends to stabilize. These findings provide valuable guidance for determining key design parameters of Quasi-NPR bolts in the reinforcement of muddy interlayer rock masses.
[1] HEUZE F E. Scale effects in the determination of rock mass strength and deformability[J]. Rock Mechanics，1980，12：167–192.
[2] 孙广忠. 岩体结构力学[M]. 北京：科学出版社，1988：188–189.(SUN Guangzhong. Rock mass structural mechanics[M]. Beijing：Science Press，1988：188–189.(in Chinese))
[3] HOEK E，BROWN E T. Practical estimates of rock mass strength[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts，1997，34(8)：1 165–1 186.
[4] HENCHER S R，RICHARDS L R. Assessing the shear strength of rock discontinuities at laboratory and field scales[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2014，48(3)：883–905.
[5] BANDIS S C，LUMSDEN A C，BARTON N R. Experimental studies of scale effects on the shear behaviour of rock joints[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts，1981，18(1)：1–21.
[6] FARDIN N，STEPHANSSON O，JING L. The scale dependence of rock joint surface roughness[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2001，38(5)：659–669.
[7] BAHAADDINI M，HAGAN P C，MITRA R，et al. Scale effect on the shear behaviour of rock joints based on a numerical study[J]. Engineering Geology，2014，181：212–223.
[8] 罗战友，黄 斌，杜时贵，等. 基于形貌全覆盖的岩石结构面抗剪强度尺寸效应试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2024，43(2)：287–297.(LUO Zhanyou，HUANG Bin，DU Shigui，et al. Experimental study on size effect of shear strength of rock joints based on full-morphology coverage[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2024，43(2)：287–297.(in Chinese))
[9] 赵同彬，邢明录，李春林，等. 锚杆锚固裂隙岩体拉–剪–扭试验系统研制及功能测试分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2025，44(12)：3 198–3 211.(ZHAO Tongbin，XING Minglu，LI Chunlin，et al. Development and functional testing of a tension-shear-torsion test system for bolt-anchored fractured rock mass[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2025，44(12)：3 198–3 211.(in Chinese))
[10] 尹 乾，何满潮，靖洪文，等. 循环动载边界下三维粗糙节理面剪切力学响应研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2024，43(5)：1 176– 1 189.(YIN Qian，HE Manchao，JING Hongwen，et al. Study on shear mechanical response of three-dimensional rough joint surfaces under cyclic dynamic load boundary conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2024，43(5)：1 176–1 189.(in Chinese))
[11] ZHAO Z H，GAO X J，TAN Y L，et al. Theoretical and numerical study on reinforcing effect of rock-bolt through composite soft rock-mass[J]. Journal of Central South University，2018，25(10)：2 512–2 522.
[12] 宋 洋，范 波，贺 平. 考虑法向应力与岩石强度的加锚节理岩体剪切力学模型研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2023，42(6)： 1 325–1 335.(SONG Yang，FAN Bo，HE Ping. Research on shear mechanics model of anchored-jointed rock mass considering normal stress and rock strength[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2023，42(6)：1 325–1 335.(in Chinese))
[13] LADANYI B，ARCHAMBAULT G. Simulation of shear behavior of a jointed rock mass[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts，1977，14(4)：129–140.
[14] 吕 萌，王亮清，谢 妮，等. 加锚异性结构面剪切特性及声发射响应特征研究[J]. 岩土力学，2025，46(7)：2 106–2 120.(LV Meng，WANG Liangqing，XIE Ni，et al. Shear characteristics and acoustic emission response characteristics of anchored heterogeneous structural plane[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2025，46(7)：2 106–2 120.(in Chinese))
[15] LOUIS C，SCHOLTES L，DONZÉ F V. DEM analysis of the shear behavior of reinforced rock joints at different scales[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2016，49：3 003–3 022.
[16] LUO C，YANG X A，WANG H，et al. Experimental study on anchoring behavior of non-persistent jointed rock mass[J]. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review，2020，13(2)：30–38.
[17] FENG C，LIU S，JIA H，et al. Strengthening device for improving shear performance of anchor cable in rock support[J]. Materials，2024，17(1)：197.
[18] HE M C，HE J，TAO Z G，et al. Experimental study on the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering，2023，15(2)：350–362.
[19] SRIVASTAVA L P，SINGH M. Effect of fully grouted passive bolts on joint shear strength parameters in a blocky mass[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2014，48(3)：1–10.
[20] MAÏOLINO S，PELLET F. Full scale lab testing for the determination of rock bolt contribution to reinforced joint shear strength[C]// 13th International Conference on Rock Mechanics. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，2015：ISRM–13CONGRESS–2015–164.
[21] 刘广建，王志成，罗战友，等. 加锚岩体结构面抗剪强度尺寸效应试验及机制研究[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报，2024，6(4)：91–101.(LIU Guangjian，WANG Zhicheng，LUO Zhanyou，et al. Experimental and mechanism study on the size effect of shear strength of anchored rock joints[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering，2024，6(4)：91–101.(in Chinese))
[22] 陶志刚，郭爱鹏，何满潮，等. 微观负泊松比锚杆静力学特性及其工程应用研究[J]. 岩土力学，2022，43(3)：808–818.(TAO Zhigang，GUO Aipeng，HE Manchao，et al. Static characteristics and engineering applications of micro negative Poisson?s ratio bolt[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2022，43(3)：808–818.(in Chinese))
[23] WANG J，JIANG J，WANG S，et al. Mechanical behavior of 2G NPR bolt anchored rock samples under static disturbance loading[J]. Journal of Mountain Science，2024，21(7)：2 494–2 516.
[24] DU Y，LI H，CHICAS S D，et al. Progress and perspectives of geotechnical anchor bolts on slope engineering in China[J]. Frontiers in Environmental Science，2022，10：928064.
[25] 康红普，王金华，林 健. 煤矿巷道锚杆支护应用实例分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2010，29(4)：649–664.(KANG Hongpu，WANG Jinhua，LIN Jian. Case studies of rock bolting in coal mine roadway[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2010，29(4)：649–664.(in Chinese))
[26] HE M C，WANG Q. Excavation compensation method and key technology for surrounding rock control[J]. Engineering Geology，2022，307：106784.
[27] JAGER A F. Two new support units for the control of rockburst damage[C]// International Symposium on Rock Support. [S. l.]：Balkema，1992：621–631.
[28] LI C C. A new energy absorbing bolt for rock support in high stress rock masses[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2010，47：396–404.
[29] VARDEN R，LACHENICHT R，PLAYER J，et al. Development and implementation of the Garford dynamic bolt at the Kanowna Belle Mine[C]// 10th Underground Operators? Conference. Launceston：[s. n.]，2008：95–102.
[30] UGUR O，NEUGEBAUER E. In-situ pull testing of a yieldable rock bolt，Roofex[C]// Controlling Seismic Hazard and Sustainable Development of Deep Mines. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，2009：1 081–1 090.
[31] 何满潮，夏 敏，郭洪燕，等. NPR锚杆钢材料的生产方法[P]. 中国：CN201810503966.5，2020–06–19.(HE Manchao，XIA Min，GUO Hongyan，et al. NPR Anchor rod steel material and production method[P]. China：CN201810503966.5，2020–06–19.(in Chinese))
[32] 刘广建，裘伟奇，罗战友，等. 考虑锚杆强度的加锚岩体结构面锚固效应试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2025，47(3)：580–588.(LIU Guangjian，QIU Weiqi，LUO Zhanyou，et al. Experimental study on bolting effect of bolted joint rock masses considering bolt strength[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2025，47(3)：580–588.(in Chinese))
[33] 黄 曼，宁昊晟，洪陈杰，等. 基于第二代负泊松比锚杆加固的充填结构面剪切特性研究[J]. 岩土力学，2025，46(增1)：131–140. (HUANG Man，NING Haosheng，HONG Chenjie，et al. Shear behaviors of infilled joints reinforced with second-generation negative Poisson?s ratio bolts[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2025，46(Supp.1)：131–140.(in Chinese))
[34] 陶志刚，任树林，何满潮，等. 地下工程微观NPR锚杆钢静力拉伸及锚固抗剪力学特性[J]. 煤炭学报，2022，47(2)：683–694.(TAO Zhigang，REN Shulin，HE Manchao，et al. Static tensile and bolting shear mechanical properties of Micro?NPR bolt steel in underground engineering[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2022，47(2)：683–694.(in Chinese))
[35] HE M C，REN S L，GUO L J，et al. Experimental study on influence of host rock strength on shear performance of Micro-NPR steel bolted rock joints[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2022，159：105236.
[36] SHE C X，SUN F T. Study of the peak shear strength of a cement-filled hard rock joint[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2018，51：713–728.
[37] HUANG M，HONG C J，DU S G，et al. Experimental technology for the shear strength of the series-scale rock joint model[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2020，53(12)：5 677–5 695.
[38] LADANYI B，ARCHAMBAULT G. Shear strength and deformability of filled indented joints[C]// Proceedings of International Symposium on Geotechnics of Structurally Complex Formations. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，1977：317–326.
[39] 杜时贵，吕原君，罗战友，等. 岩体结构面抗剪强度尺寸效应联合试验系统及初级应用研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(7)：1 337–1 349.(DU Shigui，LV Yuanjun，LUO Zhanyou，et al. Combined test system for size effect of rock joint shear strength and its primary application research[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2021，40(7)：1 337–1 349.(in Chinese))
[40] ZHANG S H，JIANG Y J，LUAN H J，et al. Study on shear mechanical characteristics of rock joints under different anchorage lengths[J]. Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2024，57(11)：9 959–9 981.
[41] 张书博，王长盛，王 刚，等. BFRP筋锚固节理岩体剪切行为试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2022，41(4)：712–724.(ZHANG Shubo，WANG Changsheng，WANG Gang，et al. Experimental study on shear behavior of jointed rock mass reinforced with BFRP bars[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2022，41(4)：712–724.(in Chinese))
[42] 宋 洋，王贺平，张维东，等. 恒定法向刚度条件下加锚充填节理岩体剪切特性研究[J]. 岩土力学，2024，45(9)：2 695–2 706.(SONG Yang，WANG Heping，ZHANG Weidong，et al. Shear characteristics of anchored filling jointed rock mass under constant normal stiffness[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2024，45(9)：2 695–2 706.(in Chinese))
[43] MA S Q，ZHAO Z Y，SHANG J L. An analytical model for shear behaviour of bolted rock joints[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2019，121：104019.
[44] 宋 洋，王贺平，金佳旭，等. 深部充填节理岩体锚固抗力力学模型研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2025，47(8)：1 672–1 680.(SONG Yang，WANG Heping，JIN Jiaxu，et al. Study on the mechanical model of anchorage resistance in deep filling jointed rock mass[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2025，47(8)：1 672–1 680.(in Chinese))
[45] WANG H，SONG Y，ZHOU J，et al. Research on the mechanical model of anchorage resistance in deeply filled jointed rock masses[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis，2024，163：108565.
[46] LIU B，TAO L G，ZHOU H W，et al. Calculation of complete curve of shear resistance for bolted rock joints based on large deformation analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2004，26(1)：140–144.
[47] LUO G M，QI S W，ZHENG B W，et al. Shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints at different shear rates[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2023，170：105542.
2026, Vol. 45 
