Contribution of rapid sedimentation to submarine landslides and #br#
its influencing factors
LI Zhenghui1，YANG Ying2，ZHU Chaoqi1，3，JIA Yonggang1，3，KOU Hailei2
(1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering，Ocean University of China，Qingdao，Shandong 266100，China；
2. College of Engineering，Ocean University of China，Qingdao，Shandong 266100，China；3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Geological Engineering，Qingdao，Shandong 266100，China)
Abstract：Many submarine landslides are associated with rapid sedimentation. However，relevant research on the contribution of rapid sedimentation to submarine landslides and its influencing factors wer he character of submarine landslides associated with rapid sedimentation was firstly summarized by analyzing relevant cases. Subsequently，the mechanism of submarine landslides triggered by rapid sedimentation was clarified and the corresponding implementation method based on ABAQUS was provided. Finally，the influencing factors of submarine slope instability caused by rapid sedimentation were discussed systematically. The results show that the generation of excessive pore pressure caused by rapid sedimentation will make the effective stress and strength of sediment grow slowly and even decrease. A low gravitational field formed by rapid sedimentation makes submarine slope easier to failure when it suffers from some geological processes like earthquake，hydrate dissociation and diaper. In addition，a short-period shallow slide is more likely to occur when the submarine slope is with a steep gradient，sediment with high compressibility and a depositional environment with high sedimentation rate. It is noted that sediment with high compressibility will also lead to a under-consolidated stratum even if the sedimentation rate is low，which is unfavorable for stability of submarine slopes.
[1] 王 虎，刘红军，张民生. 低应力条件下海洋粉土的不排水强度特性及其在海底浅层滑坡分析中的应用[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2014，33(4)：849–856.(WANG Hu，LIU Hongjun，ZHANG Minsheng. Undrained shear strength behavior of ocean silt under low stress conditions and its application to analyzing submarine shallow landslides[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2014，33(4)：849–856.(in Chinese))
[2] 年廷凯，沈月强，郑德凤，等. 海底滑坡链式灾害研究进展[J]. 工程地质学报，2021，29(6)：1 657–1 675.(NIAN Tingkai，SHEN Yueqiang，ZHENG Defeng，et al. Research advances on the chain disasters of submarine landslides[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology，2021，29(6)：1 657–1 675.(in Chinese))
[3] 朱超祁，贾永刚，刘晓磊，等. 海底滑坡分类及成因机制研究进展[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质，2015，35(6)：153–163.(ZHU Chaoqi，JIA Yonggang，LIU Xiaolei，et al. Classification and genetic mechanism of submarine landslide：a review[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology，2015，35(6)：153–163.(in Chinese))
[4] HANCE J J. Development of a database and assessment of seafloor slope stability based on published literature[Ph. D. Thesis][D]. Austin：University of Texas at Austin，2003.
[5] BRUNSDEN D，PRIOR D. Slope instability[M]. New York：Wiley，1984：419–455.
[6] DUGAN B，FLEMINGS P B. Overpressure and fluid flow in the New Jersey continental slope：Implications for slope failure and cold seeps[J]. Science，2000，289(5477)：288–291.
[7] FLEMINGS P B，BEHRMANN J H，JOHN C M. Expedition 308 preliminary report：gulf of mexico hydrogeology[R]. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，2006.
[8] FLEMINGS P B，LONG H，DUGAN D，et al. Pore pressure penetrometers document high overpressure near the seafloor where multiple submarine landslides have occurred on the continental slope，offshore Louisiana，Gulf of Mexico[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2008，269(3/4)：309–325.
[9] GREENE H G，MURAI L Y，WATTS P，et al. Submarine landslides in the Santa Barbara Channel as potential tsunami sources[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences，2006，6(1)：63–88.
[10] HUSTOFT S，DUGAN B，MIENERT J. Effects of rapid sedimentation on developing the Nyegga pockmark field：Constraints from hydrological modeling and 3D seismic data，offshore mid-Norway[J]. Geochemistry，Geophysics，Geosystems，2009，10(6)：1–17.
[11] SAWYER D E，REECE R S，GULICK S P S，et al. Submarine landslide and tsunami hazards offshore southern Alaska：seismic strengthening versus rapid sedimentation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters，2017，44(16)：8 435–8 442.
[12] DUGAN B. A review of overpressure，flow focusing，and slope failure[C]// Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences：5th International Symposium. Netherlands：Springer，2012：267–276.
[13] 吴时国，马林伟，孙 金，等. 海上丝绸之路大型地质灾害：特点与现状[J]. 地球物理学进展，2021，36(1)：401–411.(WU Siguo，MA Linwei，SUN Jin，et al. Characteristic and current status of some large-scale geological disasters along the maritime silk road[J]. Progress in Geophysics，2021，36(1)：401–411.(in Chinese))
[14] GIBSON R E. The progress of consolidation in a clay layer increasing in thickness with time[J]. Geotechnique，1958，8(4)：171–182.
[15] DUGAN B，SHEAHAN T C. Offshore sediment overpressures of passive margins：Mechanisms，measurement，and models[J]. Reviews of Geophysics，2012，50(3)：1–20.
[16] STIGALL J，DUGAN B. Overpressure and earthquake initiated slope failure in the Ursa region，northern Gulf of Mexico[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research，2010，115(B4)：B04101.
[17] URLAUB M，TALLING P J，ZERVOS A，et al. What causes large submarine landslides on low gradient sediment accumulation?[J] Journal of Geophysical Research：Solid Earth，2015，120：6 722–6 739.
[18] STOECKLIN A，FRIEDLI B，PUZRIN A M. Sedimentation as a control for large submarine landslides：Mechanical modeling and analysis of the Santa Barbara basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research：Solid Earth，2017，122(11)：8 645–8 663.
[19] CAUCHON-VOYER G，LOCAT J，LEROUEIL S，et al. Large-scale subaerial and submarine Holocene and recent mass movements in the Betsiamites area，Quebec，Canada[J]. Engineering Geology，2011，121(1/2)：28–45.
[20] CAUCHON-VOYER G，LOCAT J，ST-ONGE G. Submarine mass movements in the Betsiamites area，Lower St. Lawrence Estuary，Quebec，Canada[M]. Dordrecht：Springer，2007：233–241.
[21] ANTOBREH A A，KRASTEL S. Mauritania Slide Complex：morphology，seismic characterisation and processes of formation[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences，2007，96(3)：451–472.
[22] FÖRSTER A，ELLIS R G，HENRICH R，et al. Geotechnical characterization and strain analyses of sediment in the Mauritania Slide Complex，NW-Africa[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology，2010，27(6)：1 175–1 189.
[23] HENRICH R，HANEBUTH T J J，KRASTEL S，et al. Architecture and sediment dynamics of the Mauritania Slide Complex[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology，2008，25(1)：17–33.
[24] HAFLIDASON H，SEJRUP H P，NYGÅRD A，et al. The Storegga Slide：architecture，geometry and slide development[J]. Marine Geology，2004，213(1/4)：201–234.
[25] BRYN P，BERG K，FORSBERG C F，et al. Explaining the Storegga slide[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology，2005，22(1/2)：11–19.
[26] SOLHEIM A，BERG K，FORSBERG C F，et al. The Storegga Slide Complex：repetitive large scale sliding with similar cause and development[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology，2005，22(1/2)：97–107.
[27] KVALSTAD T J，ANDRESEN L，FORSBERG C F，et al. The Storegga slide：evaluation of triggering sources and slide mechanics[M]. [S. l.]：Elsevier，2005：245–256.
[28] LABERG J S，VORREN T O. The Trænadjupet Slide，offshore Norway—morphology，evacuation and triggering mechanisms[J]. Marine Geology，2000，171(1/4)：95–114.
[29] LABERG J S，VORREN T O，MIENERT J，et al. Late Quaternary palaeoenvironment and chronology in the Trænadjupet Slide area offshore Norway[J]. Marine Geology，2002，188(1/2)：35–60.
[30] LABERG J S，VORREN T O，MIENERT J，et al. Preconditions leading to the Holocene Trænadjupet slide offshore Norway[M]. Dordrecht：Springer，2003：247–254.
[31] KLUESNER J W，BROTHERS D S，WRIGHT A L，et al. Structural controls on slope failure within the western Santa Barbara Channel based on 2‐D and 3‐D seismic imaging[J]. Geochemistry，Geophysics，Geosystems，2020，21(8)：e2020GC009055.
[32] GREENE H G，MURAI L Y，WATTS P，et al. Submarine landslides in the Santa Barbara Channel as potential tsunami sources[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences，2006，6(1)：63–88.
[33] EDWARDS B D，LEE H J，FIELD M E. Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure，Santa Barbara Basin，California continental borderland[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research，1995，65(1a)：57–68.
[34] URLAUB M，GEERSEN J，KRASTEL S，et al. Diatom ooze：Crucial for the generation of submarine mega-slides?[J]. Geology，2018，46(4)：331–334.
[35] URLAUB M，KRASTEL S，SCHWENK T. Submarine landslides in an upwelling system：climatically controlled preconditioning of the cap blanc slide complex (Offshore NW Africa)[C]// KEI O，ANDREA F，GIAN A P，ed. Submarine Landslides：Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits from Outcrops to Seismic Profiles. California：Wiley，2019：299–311.
[36] VANNESTE M，SULTAN N，GARZIGLIA S，et al. Seafloor instabilities and sediment deformation processes：The need for integrated，multi-disciplinary investigations[J]. Marine Geology，2014，352：183–214.
[37] STEGMANN S，KREITER S，L?HEUREUX J S，et al. First results of the geotechnical in situ investigation for soil characterisation along the upper slope off Vesterålen：Northern Norway[M]. [S. l.]：Springer，2016：211–219.
[38] MEYER M，GEERSEN J，KRASTEL S，et al. Dakar Slide offshore Senegal，NW-Africa：interaction of stacked giant mass wasting events and canyon evolution[M]. Dordrecht：Springer，2012：177–188.
[39] KRASTEL S，LI W，URLAUB M，et al. Mass wasting along the NW African continental margin[J]. Geological Society，London，Special Publications，2019，477(1)：151–167.
[40] GEORGIOPOULOU A，MASSON D G，WYNN R B，et al. Sahara Slide：Age，initiation，and processes of a giant submarine slide[J]. Geochemistry，Geophysics，Geosystems，2010，11(7)：1–22.
[41] LI W，ALVES T M，URLAUB M，et al. Morphology，age and sediment dynamics of the upper headwall of the Sahara Slide Complex，Northwest Africa：Evidence for a large Late Holocene failure[J]. Marine Geology，2017，393：109–123.
[42] KUHLMANN J，ORPIN A R，MOUNTJOY J J，et al. Seismic and lithofacies characterization of a gravity core transect down the submarine Tuaheni Landslide Complex，NE New Zealand[J]. Geological Society，London，Special Publications，2019，477(1)：479–495.
[43] LUO M，TORRES M E，KASTEN S，et al. Constraining the age and evolution of the Tuaheni landslide complex，Hikurangi margin，New Zealand，using pore‐water geochemistry and numerical modeling[J]. Geophysical Research Letters，2020，47(11)：e2020GL087243.
[44] MOUNTJOY J J，CRUTCHLEY G J，CAREY J，et al. Set up for failure. High sedimentation rates，earthquakes and the Tuaheni landslide complex[C]// AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，2020：T017–0016.
[45] ANASETTI A，WINKELMANN D，KRASTEL S，et al. The BGR slide off Costa Rica：Preconditioning factors，trigger，and slide dynamics[M]. Dordrecht：Springer，2012：289–299.
[46] 胡 庆，栾锡武，冉伟民，等. 北伊里安盆地北缘海底滑坡特征及成因研究[J]. 地球科学进展，2022，37(3)：303–315.(HU Qing，LUAN Xiwu，RAN Weimin，et al. Characterization and genesis of submarine landslides on the northern edge of the North Irian Basin[J]. Advances in Earth Sciences，2022，37(3)：303–315.(in Chinese))
[47] 王俊勤，张广旭，陈端新，等. 琼东南盆地陵水研究区海底地质灾害类型、分布和成因机制[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质，2019，39(4)：87–95.(WANG Junqin，ZHANG Guangxu，CHEN Duanxin，et al. Eological hazards in Lingshui region of Qiongdongnan basin：type，distribution and origin[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology，2019，39(4)：87–95.(in Chinese))
2023, Vol. 42 
