(1. Department of Geotechnical Engineering，Tongji University，Shanghai 200092，China；2. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education，Tongji University，Shanghai 200092，China；3. Shanghai Foundation Engineering Group Co.，Ltd.，Shanghai 200002，China)
Abstract：Instability and even collapse of slurry trench may occur during the excavation of diaphragm wall in saturated sand. At present，there are few analyses on the slurry infiltration and the stability of slurry trench in sand. Based on the mechanism of slurry penetration and diffusion，a model for slurry infiltration in sand is established to consider the coupling relationship among the degree of slurry infiltration，velocity variation and soil pore change. The model parameters are calibrated by comparing with the existing tests. Plane-strain models are further established to simulate the slurry infiltration after the trench excavation. The influences of slurry specific gravity and sand pore on the quality of mud cake and the infiltration range of slurry are then discussed. The influences of slurry density and soil porosity on the trench stability under slurry infiltration in sand are further analyzed by strength reduction method. It shows that a proper increase in slurry concentration is beneficial for the trench stability in loose sand. Finally，the method is applied to a practical engineering for further verification.
[1] 白 云，孔祥鹏，廖少明. 泥水盾构泥膜动态形成机制研究[J]. 岩土力学，2010，31(增2)：19–24.(BAI Yun，KONG Xiangpeng，LIAO Shaoming. Research on dynamic formation mechanism of slurry membrane for slurry shield[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2010，31(Supp.2)：19–24.(in Chinese))
[2] 李志忠. 富水砂卵地层连续墙槽壁稳定性与施工技术研究[硕士学位论文][D]. 长沙：中南大学，2014.(LI Zhizhong. Study on stability of diaphragm wall construction in water-rich sandy pebble strata[M. S. Thesis][D]. Changsha：Central South University，2014.(in Chinese))
[3] 王东明. 透水砂质地层地下连续墙施工槽壁稳定性分析[J]. 施工技术，2018，47(增4)：1 204–1 207.(WANG Dongming. Stability analysis of diaphragm wall in permeable sandy soil layer[J]. Construction Technology，2018，47(Supp.4)：1 204–1 207.(in Chinese))
[4] 闵凡路，朱 伟，魏代伟，等. 泥水盾构泥膜形成时开挖面地层孔压变化规律研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2013，35(4)：722–727.(MIN Fanlu，ZHU Wei，WEI Daiwei，et al. Change of pore water pressure in soil as filter cakes formed on excavation face in slurry shield[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2013，35(4)：722–727.(in Chinese))
[5] 杨扶银. 粗粒土泥浆渗透特性及泥皮抗渗性研究[硕士学位论文][D]. 西安：西安理工大学，2007.(YANG Fuyin. Research on the seepage characteristics of slurry through coarse-grained soil and impervious characteristics of slurry cake[M. S. Thesis][D]. Xi?an：Xi?an University of Technology，2007.(in Chinese))
[6] 魏代伟，朱 伟，闵凡路. 砂土地层泥水盾构泥膜形成时间及泥浆压力转化率的试验研究[J]. 岩土力学，2014，35(2)：423–428.(WEI Daiwei，ZHU Wei，MIN Fanlu. Experimental study of forming time of filter cake and conversion rate of slurry pressure in slurry shield in sand stratum[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2014，35(2)：423–428.(in Chinese))
[7] 韩晓瑞，朱 伟，刘泉维，等. 泥浆性质对泥水盾构开挖面泥膜形成质量影响[J]. 岩土力学，2008，29(增1)：288–292.(HAN Xiaorui，ZHU Wei，LIU Quanwei，et al. Influence of slurry property on filter-cake quality on working face of slurry shield[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2008，29(Supp.1)：288–292.(in Chinese))
[8] 闵凡路，吕焕杰，宋帮红，等. 砂地层孔径分析及其对泥浆在地层中渗透性的影响[J]. 中国公路学报，2020，33(3)：144–151.(MIN Fanlu，LV Huanjie，SONG Banghong，et al. Pore size analysis and its influence on slurry infiltration in sandy layers[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport，2020，33(3)：144–151.(in Chinese))
[9] 林钰丰，张尚达，方 勇，等. 不同渗透系数地层中泥浆渗透成膜试验研究[J]. 中国公路学报，2020，33(12)：190–199.(LIN Yufeng，ZHANG Shangda，FANG Yong，et al. Experimental study on filter cake for slurry infiltration in different permeability strata[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport，2020，33(12)：190–199.(in Chinese))
[10] 刘 成，汤昕怡，高玉峰. 砂性地层孔隙特征对泥水盾构泥浆成膜的影响[J]. 岩土工程学报，2017，39(11)：2 002–2 008.(LIU Cheng，TANG Xinyi，GAO Yufeng. Influence of pore characteristics of sand strata on filter-cake formation under slurry shield[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2017，39(11)：2 002–2 008.(in Chinese))
[11] ZHUANG X，ZHANG Z，HUANG X，et al. Slurry infiltration column tests on saturated sand[C]// IOP Conference Series：Earth and Environmental Science. Bristol：IOP Publishing，2020：032061.
[12] 胡欣雨，张子新. 一般应力状态下泥浆渗入对泥水盾构开挖面土体剪切强度影响分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2009，28(5)：1 027– 1 036.(HU Xinyu，ZHANG Zixin. Analysis of effect of slurry infiltration on shear strength of soil of excavation face in slurry shield under general stress conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2009，28(5)：1 027–1 036.(in Chinese))
[13] 曹利强，张顶立，房 倩，等. 泥水盾构泥浆在砂土地层中的渗透特性及对地层强度的影响[J]. 北京交通大学学报，2016，40(6)：7–13.(CAO Liqiang，ZHANG Dingli，FANG Qian，et al. Seepage characteristics of slurry and its influence on ground strength of slurry shield in sand[J]. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University，2016，40(6)：7–13.(in Chinese))
[14] 李克先，李术才. 泥浆对开挖面土体强度影响的三轴试验研究[J]. 公路，2016，61(5)：232–236.(LI Kexian，LI Shucai. Triaxial test study on influence of slurry on soil strength in excavation face[J]. Highway，2016，61(5)：232–236.(in Chinese))
[15] 周宇翀. 地下连续墙成槽泥浆渗透试验及局部稳定性上限分析[硕士学位论文][D]. 上海：同济大学，2020.(ZHOU Yuchong. Slurry infiltration tests and local stability upper bound analysis for slurry trenches[M. S. Thesis][D]. Shanghai：Tongji University，2020.(in Chinese))
[16] DE MARSILY G. Quantitative hydrogeology：groundwater hydrology for engineers[M]. Orlando：Academic Press，1986：1–66.
[17] LEE J，KOPLIK J. Network model for deep bed filtration[J]. Physics of Fluid，2001，13：1 076–1 086.
[18] MIN F，ZHU W，HAN X. Filter cake formation for slurry shield tunneling in highly permeable sand[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2013，38：423–430.
[19] HERZIG J，LECLERC D，LE GOFF P. Flow of suspensions through porous media：application to deep filtration[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry，1970，62：8–35.
[20] ZHANG Z，YIN T. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation of slurry infiltration and filter cake formation during slurry shield tunneling[J]. Infrastructures，2018，3(2)：15.
[21] 加 瑞，朱 伟，闵凡路. 泥浆颗粒级配和地层孔径对泥水盾构泥膜形成的影响[J]. 中国公路学报，2017，30(8)：100–108.(JIA Rui，ZHU Wei，MIN Fanlu. Effect of particle size distribution of slurry and pore size of stratum on formation of filter cake in slurry shield[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport，2017，30(8)：100–108.(in Chinese))
[22] ZHOU S，ZHANG X，WU D，et al. Mathematical modeling of slurry infiltration and particle dispersion in saturated sand[J]. Transport in Porous Media，2018，124(1)：91–116.
[23] 孟德平. 基于强度折减有限元法的地下连续墙槽壁稳定性分析[J]. 岩土工程技术，2018，32(2)：69–73.(MENG Deping. Stability Analysis of slurry trench of diaphragm based on strength reduction finite element method[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique，2018，32(2)：69–73.(in Chinese))
[24] 周 中，张俊杰，张称呈，等. 泥水盾构泥浆渗透–扩散时空演化解析模型[J]. 岩土力学，2021，42(8)：2 185–2 194.(ZHOU Zhong，ZHANG Junjie，ZHANG Chengcheng，et al. Analytical model for the spatial-temporal evolution of slurry penetration-diffusion in a slurry shield[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2021，42(8)：2 185–2 194.(in Chinese))
[25] TAYLOR D W. Fundamentals of soil mechanics[M]. New York：John Wiley and Sons Inc.，1948：700.
[26] SRIDHARAN A，NAGARAJ H B. Hydraulic conductivity of remolded fine-grained soils versus index properties[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering，2005，23：43–60.
[27] CARMAN P C. Fluid flow through granular beds[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design，1997，75：S32–S48.
[28] ZHOU Z，ZANG H，WANG S，et al. Filtration-induced pressure evolution in permeation grouting[J]. Structural Engineering and Mechanics，2020，75(5)：571–583.
[29] JIN D，YUAN D，MAO J. Face failure analysis of a shield tunnel with slurry penetration into the ground[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2022，126：104554.
[30] XU T，BEZUIJEN A. Pressure infiltration characteristics of bentonite slurry[J]. Géotechnique，2019，69(4)：364–368.
[31] ZIZKA Z，SCHOESSER B，THEWES M，et al. Slurry shield tunneling：new methodology for simplified prediction of increased pore pressures resulting from slurry infiltration at the tunnel face under cyclic excavation processes[J]. International Journal of Civil Engineering，2019，17：113–130.
[32] 袁海波. 不同渗透系数地层的泥水盾构泥浆成膜性能试验研究[J]. 公路交通科技：应用技术版，2017，13(3)：157–164.(YUAN Haibo. Experimental study on mud cake forming of slurry shield tunneling in different permeability strata[J]. Highway Transportation Science and Technology：Applied Technology，2017，13(3)：157–164.(in Chinese))
[33] 叶伟涛，王靖禹，付龙龙，等. 福州中粗砂地层泥水盾构泥浆成膜特性试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2018，37(5)：1 260–1 269. (YE Weitao，WANG Jingyu，FU Longlong，et al. Laboratory test and characteristic of filter film formation of slurry shield in medium- coarse sand stratum in Fuzhou[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2018，37(5)：1 260–1 269.(in Chinese))
[34] XU T，BEZUIJEN A. Analytical methods in predicting excess pore water pressure in front of slurry shield in saturated sandy ground[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2018，73：203–211.
[35] YIN X，CHEN R，LI Y，et al. A column system for modeling bentonite slurry infiltration in sands[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A，2016，17(10)：818–827.
[36] 中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. DG/TJ08–2073–201地下连续墙施工规程[S]. 上海：同济大学出版社，2017.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China. DG/TJ08–2073–201 Specification for construction of diaphragm wall[S]. Shanghai：Tongji University Press，2017.(in Chinese))
[37] American Petroleum Institute. Recommended practice for planning，designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms-working stress design[S]. Washington D C：API Publishing Services，2005.
[38] TSAI J，JOU L，HSIEH H. A full-scale stability experiment on a diaphragm wall trench[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal，2000，37：379–392.
[39] 刘小文，罗海林，陈嘉帅. 非饱和土渗透系数试验与模型预测及验证[J]. 南昌大学学报，2021，43(1)：1–10.(LIU Xiaowen，LUO Hailin，CHEN Jiashuai. Permeability coefficient test and model prediction and verification of unsaturated soil[J]. Journal of Nanchang University，2021，43(1)：1–10.(in Chinese))
[40] LU Z，ZHOU W，YIN Z，et al. Numerical modeling of viscous slurry infiltration in sand[J]. Computers and Geotechnics，2022，146：104745.
2023, Vol. 42 
