Experimental study on the lateral resistance lifting effect of HSCA expansion piles on coral sand foundation
SUN Tao1，CHEN Zhenxun1，LIU Jie1，2，YANG Yunan1，2，TUO Mingmin1，HU Yuanniehong1
(1. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture，China Three Gorges University，Yichang，Hubei 443002，China；2. Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards，China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)，Wuhan，Hubei 430074，China)
Abstract：The bearing performance of pile foundations in marine environment island and reef engineering construction is often closely related to the fragmentation characteristics of coral sand. It is of great significance to clarify the impact of coral sand particle fragmentation on the bearing capacity of pile foundations. Based on this，a series of HSCA expansion pile model tests and field tests were conducted to explore the effects of the normal stress of the expansion pile and the compactness of the coral sand on the improvement of pile side friction resistance. The research results show that：(1) incorporating HSCA high-strength expansion agent can significantly improve the normal stress on the pile side and the compactness of coral sand around the pile，thereby greatly improving the pile side friction resistance and overall pile bearing capacity. When the expansion agent dosage reaches 15%，the ultimate lateral resistance of the expansion section of the pile increases by 69.7%，and the ultimate bearing capacity of the entire pile increases by 38.5%. (2) Considering the cumulative stress loss effect due to particle breakage，a stress transfer model for the expansion of coral sand on the side of expansion piles considering particle breakage is proposed. Verification analysis demonstrates that the model accurately reflects the transfer law of expansion stress in coral sand. (3) The expansion pile significantly improves the compactness of coral sand on the pile side. The self-expansion of the pile body effectively fills the shrinkage space in coral sand caused by particle breakage，thereby enhancing the bearing capacity of the coral sand foundation around the pile. (4) A prediction model for lateral friction resistance of expansion piles in coral sand foundations was established and its engineering applicability was verified through field experiments. The findings of this research can serve as a reference for the construction design of expansion piles in coral sand foundations.
[1] 王嘉璐，张 升，童晨曦，等. 基于染色标定的钙质砂颗粒破碎级配转移矩阵试验研究[J]. 岩土力学，2022，43(8)：2 222–2 232. (WANG Jialu，ZHANG Sheng，TONG Chenxi，et al. Experimental study on the gradation transition matrix of dyed carbonate sands during particle breakage[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2022，43(8)：2 222–2 232.(in Chinese))
[2] 曹 梦，叶剑红. 中国南海钙质砂蠕变–应力–时间四参数数学模型[J]. 岩土力学，2019，40(5)：1 771–1 777.(CAO Meng，YE Jianhong. Creep-stress-time four parameters mathematical model of calcareous sand in South China Sea[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2019，40(5)：1 771–1 777.(in Chinese))
[3] 单 毅，平阳泽，袁 杰，等. 基于颗粒尺寸与级配的微生物固化钙质砂最大动剪切模量试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2024，43(10)：2 455–2 465.(SHAN Yi，PING Yangze，YUAN Jie，et al. Experimental study on maximum dynamic shear modulus of MICP-treated calcareous sand based on particle size and gradation[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2024，43(10)：2 455–2 465.(in Chinese))
[4] 朱长歧，陈海洋，孟庆山. 钙质砂颗粒内孔隙的结构特征分析[J]. 岩土力学，2014，35(7)：1 831–1 836.(ZHU Changqi，CHEN Haiyang，MENG Qingshan. Microscopic characterization of intra-pore structures of calcareous sands[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2014，35(7)：1 831–1 836.(in Chinese))
[5] 刘崇权，单华刚，汪 稔. 钙质土工程特性及其桩基工程[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，1999，18(3)：331–335.(LIU Chongquan，SHAN Huagang，WANG Ren. The geotechnical characters of calcareous soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，1999，18(3)：331–335.(in Chinese))
[6] 刘崇权，汪 稔，吴新生. 钙质砂物理力学性质试验中的几个问题[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，1999，18(2)：91–94.(LIU Chongquan，WANG Ren，WU Xinsheng. Some problems for the tests of physico-mechanical properties of calcareous sand[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，1999，18(2)：91–94.(in Chinese))
[7] 陈军浩，张艳娥，王 刚，等. 不同固结路径下钙质砂固结排水强度性状研究[J]. 岩土力学，2024，45(8)：2 290–2 298.(CHEN Junhao，ZHANG Yane，WANG Gang，et al. Experimental study on consolidated drainage strength of calcareous sand under anisotropic consolidation paths[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2024，45(8)：2 290–2 298.(in Chinese))
[8] 刘崇权，汪 稔. 颗粒破碎对钙质土力学特性的影响[J]. 岩土力学，2002，23(增1)：13–16.(LIU Chongquan，WANG Ren. Influences of particle crushing on mechanical properties of calcareous[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2002，23(Supp.1)：13–16.(in Chinese))
[9] 李雨杰，国 振，李艺隆，等. 岛礁工程MICP加固技术研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报，2023，45(5)：819–832.(LI Yujie，GUO Zhen，LI Yilong，et al. Advances in MICP reinforcement technology used in island engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2023，45(5)：819–832.(in Chinese))
[10] 单华刚，汪 稔. 钙质砂中的桩基工程研究进展述评[J]. 岩土力学，2000，21(3)：299–304.(SHAN Huagang，WANG Ren. Development of study on pile in calcareous sand[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2000，21(3)：299–304.(in Chinese))
[11] MCCLELLAND B. Calcareous sediments：an engineering enigma[C]// Proceedings of the International Conference on Calcareous Sediments. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，1988：777–787.
[12] ANGEMEER J，CARLSON E，KLICK J H. Techniques and results of offshore pile load testing in calcareous soils[C]// Proceedings of the 5th Annual the Offshore Technology Conference. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，1973：2 677–2 692.
[13] ANGEMEER J，CARLSON E，STROUD S，et al. Pile load tests in calcareous soils conducted in 400 feet of water from a Semi-submersible exploration rig[C]// Proceedings of 7th Annual the Offshore Technology Conference. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，1975：132–136.
[14] DUTT R N，CHENG A P. Frictional response of piles in calcareous deposits[C]// Proceedings of the 16th Annual Offshore Technology Conference. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，1984：527–530.
[15] NAUROY J F，LE TIRANT P. Driven pile and drilled and grouted piles in calcareous sands[C]// The 17th Annual Offshore Technology Conference. [S. l.]：[s. n.]，1985：83–91.
[16] 江 浩，汪 稔，吕颖慧，等. 钙质砂中群桩模型试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2010，29(增1)：3 023–3 028.(JIANG Hao，WANG Ren，LU Yinghui，et al. Model tests of pile groups in calcareous sands[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2010，29(Supp.1)：3 023–3 028.(in Chinese))
[17] 单华刚. 珊瑚礁钙质土中桩基工程承载性状研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2000，19(5)：561.(SHAN Huagang. Research on bearing behaviour of pile in calcareous soil of coral reef[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2000，19(5)：561.(in Chinese))
[18] 秦 月，孟庆山，汪 稔，等. 钙质砂地基单桩承载特性模型试验研究[J]. 岩土力学，2015，36(6)：1 714–1 720.(QIN Yue，MENG Qingshan，WANG Ren，et al. A study on bearing characteristics of single pile in calcareous sand based on model experiment[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2015，36(6)：1 714–1 720.(in Chinese))
[19] 陈 杨，杨 敏，魏厚振，等. 钙质砂中单桩轴向抗拔模型试验研究[J]. 岩土力学，2018，39(8)：2 851–2 857.(CHEN Yang，YANG Ming，WEI Houzhen，et al. Experimental study on axial tension response of model monopile in calcareous[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2018，39(8)：2 851–2 857.(in Chinese))
[20] SHEIKH S A，FU Y，O"NEILL M W. Expansive cement concrete for drilled shafts[J]. ACI Materials Journal，1994，91(3)：237–245.
[21] SHEIKH S A，O"NEILL M W，MEHRAZARIN M A. Expansive concrete drilled shafts[J]. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering，1985，12(2)：382–395.
[22] 邓玮婷，丁选明，彭 宇. 珊瑚砂地基中膨胀混凝土桩竖向受压承载性能研究[J]. 岩土力学，2020，41(8)：2 814–2 820.(DENG Weiting，DING Xuanming，PENG Yu. A study of vertical bearing capacity of expansive concrete pile in coral sand foundation[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2020，41(8)：2 814–2 820.(in Chinese))
[23] DING X M，DENG X，OU Q，et al. Experimental study on the behavior of single pile foundation under vertical cyclic load in coral sand[J]. Ocean Engineering，2023，280：114672.
[24] PAN Z F，ZHU Y Z，ZHANG D F，et al. Effect of expansive agents on the workability，crack resistance and durability of shrinkage-compensating concrete with low contents of fibers[J]. Construction and Building Materials，2020，259：119768.
[25] GUO J J，ZHANG S W，GUO T，et al. Effects of UEA and MgO expansive agents on fracture properties of concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials，2020，263：120245.
[26] GUO J J，GUO T，ZHANG S W，et al. Experimental study on freezing and thawing cycles of shrinkage-compensating concrete with double expansive agents[J]. Materials，2020，13(8)：1 850.
[27] 王 磊，蒋 翔，肖 杨，等. 钙质砂颗粒的尺寸效应及雪崩动力学特性试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2021，43(6)：1 029–1 038. (WANG Lei，JIANG Xiang，XIAO Yang，et al. Experimental research on size effect and avalanche dynamics characteristics of calcareous sand particles[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2021，43(6)：1 029–1 038.(in Chinese))
[28] 张家铭. 钙质砂基本力学性质及颗粒破碎影响研究[博士学位论文][D]. 武汉：中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所，2007.(ZHANG Jiaming，Study on the fundamental mechanical characteristics of calcareous sand and the influence of particle breakage[Ph. D. Thesis][D]. Wuhan：Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics，Chinese Academy of Sciences，2007.(in Chinese))
[29] 张家铭，汪 稔，石祥锋，等. 侧限条件下钙质砂压缩和破碎特性试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(18)：3 327–3 331. (ZHANG Jiaming，WANG Ren，SHI Xiangfeng，et al. Compression and crushing behavior of calcareous sand under confined compression[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2005，24(18)：3 327–3 331.(in Chinese))
[30] HARDIN B O. Crushing of soil particles[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，1985，111(10)：1 177.
[31] 袁 泉，李文龙，高 燕，等. 钙质砂颗粒特征及其对压缩性影响的试验研究[J]. 水力发电学报，2020，39(2)：32–43.(YUAN Quan，LI Wenlong，GAO Yan，et al. Experimental study on particle characteristics of calcareous sand and effect on its compressibility[J]. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering，2020，39(2)：32–43.(in Chinese))
2025, Vol. 44 
