Abstract：Time-dependent deformation of rock and soil masses plays a fundamental role in their long-term evolution and instability. However, conventional theories are often insufficient to characterize the differential features of deformation evolution in both temporal and spatial dimensions. To address this limitation, the concept of differential time-dependent deformation is proposed, which states that different parts of a geotechnical system undergo creep deformation at different displacement rates. Based on this concept, a systematic theoretical framework is established, ranging from the analysis of time-dependent response mechanisms to the formulation of constitutive models. First, homogeneous landslide basal-friction experiments and slope model tests containing weak interlayers were conducted. Combined with particle image velocimetry (PIV), digital image correlation (DIC), and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), the spatial distribution characteristics of deformation in geomaterials were systematically revealed. The results indicate that deformation progressively intensifies from the rear edge to the toe of the slope and from shallow layers to deeper regions, accompanied by distinct time-dependent response mechanisms in different zones. Based on these observations, a visco-elastic-plastic constitutive model is developed by connecting a Burgers model in series with a plastic element incorporating strain-softening behavior. The model quantitatively describes the gradual degradation of cohesion and internal friction angle during the differential time-dependent deformation process of geomaterials. The proposed model is implemented into the FLAC and 3DEC numerical platforms. Numerical analyses demonstrate that the model successfully reproduces the complete deformation process of the Danba landslide, including initial deformation, steady-state creep, and accelerated failure. In addition, it effectively captures the interface effect occurring at the boundary between soft and hard rocks in the Jinping Hydropower Station slope and reveals the formation mechanism of deep unloading fractures. The proposed theoretical framework clarifies the universality and controlling role of spatiotemporal differential deformation during the time-dependent evolution of geomaterials, providing a new theoretical basis for deformation-failure warning and dynamic stability assessment in geotechnical engineering.
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2026, Vol. 45 
