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| Diffusion behavior of silica sol grouting in rock fracture under dynamic water considering the fluid-solid phase transition |
| LIANG Yankun1, ZHANG Xin1*, JIA Minghui1, WANG Wenxue1, YUAN Shichong2, ZHANG Dingyang3, LI Mingsheng4, WANG Zhiqi5 |
(1. College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; 2. School of Urban Geology and Engineering, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 052161, China;
3. School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; 4. Jiangsu China Coal Geology Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China; 5. North China Engineering Investigation
Institute Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China) |
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Abstract Silica-sol grouting in fractured rock under dynamic water conditions is primarily influenced by the liquid-solid phase transition of the grout, which subsequently governs diffusion patterns and sealing performance. This study employed a 2D transparent fracture model to conduct an orthogonal test program considering variables such as fracture aperture, fracture inclination, and hydraulic head. The evolution of grout diffusion morphology and the corresponding seepage pressure response were analyzed. The results indicate that fracture inclination is the predominant factor affecting sealing efficiency, followed by fracture aperture and hydraulic head; however, significant interaction effects exist among these factors. Under phase-transition control, silica-sol diffusion undergoes a three-stage evolution: from circular spreading to fractal propagation, and finally to a U-shaped pattern. This evolution is influenced by injection pressure, hydrodynamic erosion, fracture geometry, and gelation kinetics. Fractal propagation is more pronounced at higher hydraulic heads and larger apertures, accompanied by increased fragmentation during the U-shaped stage. Mechanistically, the fractal pattern arises from interfacial instability driven by phase-transition kinetics. Progressive gelation results in a gel-shell/liquid-core structure at the advancing front, where a low-strength gel shell forms externally while a more mobile liquid core remains internally. Sustained injection causes radial pushing from the liquid core, alongside tensile stresses induced by dehydration condensation and external hydraulic erosion, promoting shell cracking and preferential channelization. This transformation alters the diffusion front from a smooth circular boundary to a fractal one. The seepage pressure response curve reflects the staged characteristics of grout diffusion and solidification, with its fluctuation amplitude closely correlating to erosion resistance, thus providing a quantitative indicator for assessing the effectiveness of silica-sol grouting under dynamic water conditions.
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2026, Vol. 45 
