崩滑型堰塞坝漫顶溃决机制及溃坝洪水研究进展

doi:10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.1188

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摘要崩滑型堰塞坝由于坝体结构松散、稳定性差、极易产生漫顶溃决形成巨型洪水，曾一度给我国灾区人民生命财产造成严重危害。基于当前室内模型实验、现场试验和数值模拟系统地总结溃坝阶段划分依据、溃口及纵剖面演变规律、溃决流量及洪水沿程演进特点，并在此基础上深入分析溃口下切及横向扩展中坝体材料侵蚀计算公式及侵蚀机制。相比人工土石坝，堰塞坝溃口及纵向发展受坝体材料空间非均匀分布及漫顶水流饱和含沙量影响严重。此外，相较于其他泥沙侵蚀作用关系，线性及双曲型侵蚀力与抗侵蚀力关系由于计算简单、高效，具有明确的物理意义，能更好地反应堰塞坝溃决过程中水土物质运移规律。进一步对堰塞坝研究中应重点关注的5个关键问题进行展望：(1) 坝体成因差异性对溃决机制的影响；(2) 坝体材料非均匀性对溃决特性影响；(3) 渗流–溢流耦合作用对溃决过程的影响；(4) 模拟实验尺度对溃决结果的影响；(5) 溃坝洪水沿程侵蚀–沉积作用对河床的影响。该研究的开展可为提升堰塞坝灾害链预测预报能力、降低溃坝洪水威胁提供重要的理论依据。

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	石振明1
	2
	周明俊1
	2
	彭铭1
	2
	周公旦3
	4
	张利民5
	蔡烁6

关键词 ：工程地质, 堰塞坝, 坝体演变, 侵蚀机制, 溃决洪水, 洪水演进

Abstract：The landslide dams caused by landslide or avalanche debris normally have loose structure and poor stability，leading to huge breaching flood and catastrophic disaster to the downstream areas. Key processes such as stage division，cross-section and longitudinal profile evolutions，outburst flood evolution and flood routing along rivers，are discussed based on field investigations，physical modelling tests and numerical simulations. On this basis，the existing erosion equations for calculating the downward cutting and lateral spreading of landslide dams are summarized. Different from the development of artificial dams，it is found that the evolutions of the cross-section and the longitudinal direction of landslide dams are affected by the non-uniform distribution of soil materials in space and the sediment content of overflowing water. In addition，compared with other erosion relationships，the linear and hyperbolic relationships between the shear stress and the erosion resistance can better reflect the law of water-soil coupling during the failure of a landslide dam. Furthermore，five key problems are suggested for future research on landslide dam breaching，including (1) characteristics of dam breaching due to different causes，(2) effects of non-uniform distributed soil materials，(3) coupling effect of seepage and overtopping，(4) scaling effect of physical modelling tests of landslide dams，and (5) long-term impact of outburst floods on the morphology of river channels. This study provides meaningful theoretical basis for improving the prediction ability of landslide dam disaster chain and reducing the threats of dam breaching flood.

Key words： engineering geology landslide dam breach evolution erosion mechanism outburst flood flood routing

引用本文:

石振明1，2，周明俊1，2，彭铭1，2，周公旦3，4，张利民5，蔡烁6. 崩滑型堰塞坝漫顶溃决机制及溃坝洪水研究进展[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2021, 40(11): 2173-2188.
SHI Zhenming1，2，ZHOU Mingjun1，2，PENG Ming1，2，ZHOU Gongdan3，4，ZHANG Limin5，CAI Shuo6. Research progress on overtopping failure mechanisms and breaching flood of landslide dams caused by landslides and avalanches. , 2021, 40(11): 2173-2188.

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http://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.1188 或 http://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2021/V40/I11/2173

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