(1. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; 2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and Geothermal Energy Exploitation and Utilization, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; 3. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Engineering Sciences and Green Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; 4. National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway Construction Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410075, China; 5. School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University,
Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China)
Abstract：Underground structures are typically subjected to multidirectional seismic excitation during earthquakes. To investigate the dynamic response of tunnels under such conditions, large-scale shaking-table model tests were conducted. The dynamic responses of the surrounding rock and key locations on the tunnel cross-section were analyzed, and the evolution of the response along the tunnel axis was examined. The results indicate that, regardless of the loading direction, the acceleration response generally increased from unidirectional to bidirectional and then to three-directional loading. Significant differences were observed in the acceleration responses at different locations on the tunnel cross-section. In particular, horizontal seismic excitation perpendicular to the tunnel axis substantially amplifies the acceleration response along the approximately 45°diagonal direction of the cross-section. At the tunnel invert, both the peak acceleration and the energy fractions in the 0–15.625 and 15.625–31.250 Hz frequency bands exhibit pronounced changes at a portal distance of approximately 1.67 tunnel spans. This finding indicates that, for the unsupported tunnel with no excavated upslope at the portal, a distinct seismic amplification zone extends approximately 1.67 tunnel spans from the portal. These findings provide insights for evaluating the seismic response of tunnels and optimizing their seismic design.
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2026, Vol. 45 
