(1. School of Energy and Mining Engineering，Shandong University of Science and Technology，Qingdao，Shandong 266590，China；
2. School of Resources and Civil Engineering，Northeastern University，Shenyang，Liaoning 110819，China)
Abstract：In order to investigate the failure characteristics of fissured sandstone subjected to combined dynamic and static stress states，the true triaxial rockburst test system(QKX-YB200)，acoustic emission monitoring system and camera were used to conduct true triaxial unloading and dynamic disturbance tests on red sandstone under different fissure inclinations ，initial static stresses and dynamic disturbance conditions(disturbance directions，disturbance amplitudes and disturbance frequencies f ). The results indicate that：(1) The failure mode of fissured sandstone is tensile with shear failure under true triaxial unloading and dynamic disturbance condition，while the proportion of tension cracks and shear cracks varies depending on different influencing factors. (2) For the specimens that have undergone instability failure，the wing crack propagation at the tips of the fissure transforms from single wing cracks or a combination of wing and anti-wing cracks at ＜90° to single anti-wing cracks at = 90°. (3) The fractal dimension and the failure severity of the sandstone both exhibit a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase in . Additionally，these properties are positively correlated with and ，but negatively correlated with f. When the dynamic disturbance shifts from the direction of the maximum principal stress to the direction of the intermediate principal stress，the overall instability failure of sandstone do not occur. (4) The wing crack propagation model of fissured sandstone under true triaxial unloading and dynamic disturbance condition was established. Additionally，the mechanism of wing crack propagation was investigated in relation to the duration of dynamic disturbance and the internal stress environment of sandstone. (5) By investigating the entire energy evolution process of fissured sandstone under true triaxial unloading and dynamic disturbance，the energy condition of triggering rockburst has been summarized. Additionally，the quantitative contributions of various influencing factors to the rockburst hazards on fissured sandstone were analyzed. The study is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the stability evaluation and disaster prevention of deep fissured hard rock in mining operations.
[1] 李树忱，马腾飞，蒋宇静，等. 深部多裂隙岩体开挖变形破坏规律模型试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2016，38(6)：987–995.(LI Shuchen，MA Tengfei，JIANG Yujing，et al. Model tests on deformation and failure laws in excavation of deep rock mass with multiple fracture sets[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2016，38(6)：987–995.(in Chinese))
[2] 宋 杰，孟凡震，岳祝凤，等. 节理裂隙岩体力学特性的研究进展[J]. 青岛理工大学学报，2021，42(5)：140–150.(SONG Jie，MENG Fanzhen，YUE Zhufeng，et al. Research progress in mechanical propertiesof jointed and fissured rock mass[J]. Journal of Qingdao University of Technology，2021，42(5)：140–150.(in Chinese))
[3] 王法军，崔亚军，袁颜彪，等. 隧道工程裂隙围岩结构稳定可靠性研究综述[J]. 隧道建设(中英文)，2020，40(增1)：123–137.(WANG Fajun，CUI Yajun，YUAN Yanbiao，et al. Research on stable reliability of fissured surrounding rock structure in tunnel[J]. Tunnel Construction，2020，40(Supp.1)：123–137.(in Chinese))
[4] 郭奇峰，武 旭，蔡美峰，等. 预制裂隙花岗岩的裂纹起裂机制试验研究[J]. 煤炭学报，2019，44(增2)：476–483.(GUO Qifeng，WU Xu，CAI Meifeng，et al. Crack initiation mechanism of pre-existing cracked granite[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2019，44(Supp.2)：476–483.(in Chinese))
[5] WONG L N Y，EINSTEIN H H. Systematic evaluation of cracking behavior in specimens containing single flaws under uniaxial compression[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2009，46(2)：239–249.
[6] SIVAKUMAR G，MAJI V B. Study on crack growth behaviour in rocks having pre-existing narrow flaws under biaxial compression[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering，2023，41(1)：153–188.
[7] WANG H Y，DYSKIN A，PASTERNAK E，et al. 3D crack growth in biaxial compression：influence of shape and inclination of initial cracks[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2020，53(7)：3 161–3 183.
[8] 肖桃李，李新平，贾善坡. 深部单裂隙岩体结构面效应的三轴试验研究与力学分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2012，31(8)：1 666– 1 673.(XIAO Taoli，LI Xinping，JIA Shanpo. Triaxial test research and mechanical analysis based on structure surface effect of deep rock mass with single fissure[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2012，31(8)：1 666–1 673.(in Chinese))
[9] YANG S Q，TIAN W L，RANJITH P G，et al. Three-dimensional failure behavior and cracking mechanism of rectangular solid sandstone containing a single fissure under triaxial compression[J]. Rock Mechanics Bulletin，2022，(1)：100008.
[10] 刘伟韬，申建军. 含单裂纹真实岩石试件断裂模式的力学试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2016，35(6)：1 182–1 189.(LIU Weitao，SHEN Jianjun. Experimental study of propagation mode of crack in real rock specimens with a single crack[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2016，35(6)：1 182–1 189.(in Chinese))
[11] XIE H P，LU J，LI C B，et al. Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress：A review[J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology，2022，32(5)：915–950.
[12] CHANG X，ZHANG X，DANG F N，et al. Failure behavior of sandstone specimens containing a single flaw under true triaxial compression[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2022，55(4)：2 111–2 127.
[13] 李兆霖，王连国，姜崇扬，等. 基于实时CT扫描的岩石真三轴条件下三维破裂演化规律[J]. 煤炭学报，2021，46(3)：937–949.(LI Zhaolin，WANG Lianguo，JIANG Chongyang，et al. Three-dimensional fracture evolution patterns of rocks under true triaxial conditions based on real-time CT scanning[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2021，46(3)：937–949.(in Chinese))
[14] 陈国庆，刘 顶，徐 鹏，等. 节理岩桥真三轴开挖卸荷试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2018，37(2)：325–338.(CHEN Guoqing，LIU Ding，XU Peng，et al. True-triaxial test on unloading failure of jointed rock bridge[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2018，37(2)：325–338.(in Chinese))
[15] ZHANG Y，CHEN G Q，WANG Z F，et al. Fracture evolution analysis of rock bridges in hard rock with nonparallel joints in true triaxial stress states[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2023，56(2)：997–1 023.
[16] FENG F，XIE Z W，CHEN S J，et al. True triaxial unloading test on the mechanical behaviors of sandstone：Effects of the intermediate principal stress and structural plane[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering，https：//doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2024.04.005.
[17] 苏国韶，胡李华，冯夏庭，等. 低频周期扰动荷载与静载联合作用下岩爆过程的真三轴试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2016，35(7)：1 309–1 322.(SU Guoshao，HU Lihua，FENG Xiating，et al. True triaxial experimental study of rockburst process under low frequency cyclic disturbance load combined with static load[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2016，35(7)：1 309–1 322.(in Chinese))
[18] 李夕兵，宫凤强，王少锋，等. 深部硬岩矿山岩爆的动静组合加载力学机制与动力判据[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2019，38(4)：708–723.(LI Xibing，GONG Fengqiang，WANG Shaofeng，et al. Coupled static-dynamic loading mechanical mechanism and dynamic criterion of rockburst in deep hard rock mines[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2019，38(4)：708–723.(in Chinese))
[19] HOEK E，BROWN E T. Practical estimates of rock mass strength[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，1997， 34(8)：1 165–1 186.
[20] 冯 帆，陈绍杰，王 琦，等. 真三轴卸载–动力扰动下自然与饱水砂岩破坏特性试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2022，41(11)：2 240–2 253.(FENG Fan，CHEN Shaojie，WANG Qi，et al. Experimental study on failure characteristics of natural and saturated sandstone under true triaxial unloading and dynamic disturbance condition[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering， 2022，41(11)：2 240–2 253.(in Chinese))
[21] 李 博，朱 强，张丰收，等. 基于矿物晶体模型的非均质性岩石双裂纹扩展规律研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(6)：1 119–1 131.(LI Bo，ZHU Qiang，ZHANG Fengshou，et al. Study on crack propagation of heterogeneous rocks with double flaws based on grain based model[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering， 2021，40(6)：1 119–1 131.(in Chinese))
[22] FENG F，CHEN S J，HAN Z Y，et al. Influence of moisture content and intermediate principal stress on cracking behavior of sandstone subjected to true triaxial unloading conditions[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics，2023，284：109265.
[23] AGGELIS D G. Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters[J]. Mechanics Research Communications，2011，38(3)：153–157.
[24] 赵光明，刘崇岩，许文松，等. 扰动诱发高应力卸荷岩体破坏特征实验研究[J]. 煤炭学报，2021，46(2)：412–423.(ZHAO Guangming，LIU Chongyan，XU Wensong，et al. Experimental study on the failure characteristics of high stress unloading rock mass induced by disturbance[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2021，46(2)：412–423. (in Chinese))
[25] 李德行，王恩元，李 楠，等. 单轴压缩下宏观裂纹倾角对煤体特性影响研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2017，36(增1)：3 206–3 213. (LI Dexing，WANG Enyuan，LI Nan，et al. Research on the coal char-acteristics of macro-crack dip angles under uniaxial compres-sion[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2017，36(Supp.1)：3 206–3 213.(in Chinese))
[26] 段会玲. 渗流–应力耦合作用下岩石三维裂隙损伤扩展特性研究[硕士学位论文][D]. 青岛：山东科技大学，2017.(DUAN Huiling. Research on the characteristics of rock three-dimensional crack fracture propagation under seepage and stress coupling[M. S. Thesis][D]. Qingdao：Shandong University of Science and Technology，2017.(in Chinese))
[27] ZHOU T，ZHU J B，XIE H P. Mechanical and volumetric fracturing behaviour of three?dimensional printing rock?like samples under dynamic loading[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2020，53(6)：2 855–2 864.
[28] LI H Q，WONG L N Y. Influence of flaw inclination angle and loading condition on crack initiation and propagation[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures，2012，49(18)：2 482–2 499.
[29] 谢和平，鞠 杨，黎立云. 基于能量耗散与释放原理的岩石强度与整体破坏准则[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(17)：3 003–3 010. (XIE Heping，JU Yang，LI Liyun. Criteria for strength and structural failure of rocks based on energy dissipation and energy release principles[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2005，24(17)：3 003–3 010.(in Chinese))
[30] HU L H，MA K，LIANG X. Experimental and numerical study on rockburst triggered by tangential weak cyclic dynamic disturbance under true triaxial conditions[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2018，81：602–618.
[31] SU G S，FENG X T，WANG J H. Experimental study of remotely triggered rockburst induced by a tunnel axial dynamic disturbance under true-triaxial conditions[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2017，50：2 207–2 226.
[32] 向 鹏，纪洪广，蔡美峰，等. 抛掷型岩爆震源体能量动态释放机制与几何尺度特征[J]. 岩土力学，2018，39(2)：457–466.(XIANG Peng，JI Hongguang，CAI Meifeng，et al. Dynamic energy release mechanism and geometric scale feature of ejection rockburst source[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2018，39(2)：457–466.(in Chinese))
[33] 陈光波，李 谭，张国华，等. 基于剩余能量释放速率指数的煤岩组合体冲击倾向性判定[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2023，42(6)：1 366–1 383.(CHEN Guangbo，LI Tan，ZHANG Guohua，et al. Determination of bursting liability of coal-rock combined body based on residual energy release rate index[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2023，42(6)：1 366–1 383.(in Chinese))
[34] 卢志国，鞠文君，高富强，等. 基于非线性储能与释放特征的煤冲击倾向性指标[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(8)：1 559–1 569. (LU Zhiguo，JU Wenjun，GAO Fuqiang，et al. Bursting liability index of coal based on nonlinear storage and release characteristics of elastic energy[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2021，40(8)：1 559–1 569.(in Chinese))
[35] LI X B，FENG F，LI D Y，et al. Failure characteristics of granite influenced by sample height-to-width ratios and intermediate principal stress under true-triaxial unloading conditions[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2018，51：1 321–1 345.
[36] FENG F，CHEN S J，WANG Y J，et al. Cracking mechanism and strength criteria evaluation of granite affected by intermediate principal stresses subjected to unloading stress state[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，2021，143(5)：104783.
2025, Vol. 44 
