(1. Yunnan Dianzhong Water Diversion Engineering Co.，Ltd.，Kunming，Yunnan 650000，China；2. Faculty of Land Resources Engineering，Kunming University of Science and Technology，Kunming，Yunnan 650093，China；3. Faculty of Electric Power Engineering，Kunming University of Science and Technology，Kunming，Yunnan 650500，China；4. Yunnan Institute of Water and Hydropower Engineering Investigation，Design and Research，Kunming，Yunnan 650021，China；5. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering of the Ministry of Water Resources，Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute，
Wuhan，Hubei 430010，China)
Abstract：The frequent water and sand inrush disasters in the sandy dolomite tunnels of the water diversion project in central Yunnan seriously restrict the progress of the project and threaten the construction safety. In this paper，the disaster conditions and characteristics of water and sand inrush in water-rich tunnel sections are summarized by means of construction tracking，case statistics and theoretical analysis of water and sand inrush in sandy dolomite tunnels. According to the typical disaster prototype of Xiaopu tunnel，the evolution of seepage field，stress field and displacement field in the process of water inrush and sand gushing is studied by FLAC3D numerical simulation. The critical criterion of safety thickness of rock plate for preventing water and sand inrush disaster is determined by theoretical analysis. In the other hand，systematic and feasible disaster prevention and control system is established. The results show that：(1) water and sand inrush disasters usually occur in the severely completely sandy and water-rich section of the fault development. (2) In the evolution process of water and sand inrush disaster，the pore water pressure of intense and severe sandy dolomite has funnel effect. There is a time lag in the change of seepage flow of severe sandy dolomite compared with that of strong sandy dolomite，the seepage flow of intensely sandy dolomite is obviously smaller than that of intensely sandy dolomite. (3) When the severely sandy dolomite tunnel is excavated to a distance of 4 m from the fault，the stress of the surrounding rock of the tunnel shows a sudden change. When the completely sandy dolomite tunnel is excavated to a distance of 8–9 m from the fault，it shows an obvious tensile stress area. (4) The maximum settlement of the vault of the severely sandy tunnel section occurs when the excavation is 1 m away from the fault，while the evolution of the displacement field of the completely sandy tunnel section has no obvious law. (5) The critical criterion of safe thickness of outburst prevention rock plate in water-rich sandy dolomite tunnel is determined. The minimum safe thickness calculated by engineering example is close to the reserved in practical engineering. On the basis of the above research results，combined with the comprehensive advanced geological prediction and the evolution process of water and sand inrush in water-rich sandy dolomite tunnel，the prevention and control system of water and sand inrush in tunnel can be established，which can provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of water and sand inrush disasters that are prone to occur in water-rich sandy dolomite underground engineering.
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2024, Vol. 43 
