Study on mechanical properties and compaction quality evaluation of gravel soil subgrade based on impact load method
LI Mengwei1, 2, LU Zheng1, TANG Chuxuan1, 2, HU Zhi3, CHAI Shaoqiang4, LIU Yong4
(1. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. Key Laboratory of Road and Bridge Detection and Maintenance Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China; 4. No. Seven Engineering Co., Ltd. of CCCC First Highway Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan 451450, China)
Abstract: The impact loading method is a technique used to assess the compaction quality of subgrade by applying impact forces and analyzing the resulting response signals. Investigating the response mechanism of gravel soil subgrade under impact loading enhances our understanding of its mechanical properties and improves the evaluation principles of subgrade compaction quality using this method. The actual working conditions of gravel soil subgrade were fully considered, and a dynamic response model was established using the discrete element method. The model parameters were calibrated through triaxial tests, and its validity was verified by field experiments. Subsequently, the attenuation characteristics of dynamic stress in the subgrade under different compaction densities were explored and compared with results from continuum medium theory. A quantitative model relating porosity to the resilient modulus was further developed. The variations in surface response of the subgrade with changes in its properties were analyzed, and the effects of different impact load amplitudes and plate radii on the effective detection depth were discussed. The findings are as follows: (1) Porosity significantly affects the attenuation of internal dynamic stress in gravel soil subgrade, with faster attenuation observed at lower porosity levels; the dynamic stress obtained using continuum medium theory is generally lower, with a maximum difference exceeding 70%. (2) There is a strong linear relationship between porosity and resilient modulus of gravel soil subgrade, validating the feasibility of using the impact loading method to evaluate subgrade compaction quality. (3) The plate radius significantly impacts the effective detection depth of the impact loading method, with effective detection depths within 0.3 m for plate radii of 0.15 and 0.2 m, and between 0.3 and 0.4 m for a radius of 0.25 m.
李梦威1,2,卢 正1,唐楚轩1,2,胡 智3,柴少强4,刘 永4. 基于冲击荷载法的碎石土路基力学特性及压实质量评价研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2025, 44(6): 1649-1657.
LI Mengwei1, 2, LU Zheng1, TANG Chuxuan1, 2, HU Zhi3, CHAI Shaoqiang4, LIU Yong4. Study on mechanical properties and compaction quality evaluation of gravel soil subgrade based on impact load method. , 2025, 44(6): 1649-1657.
NABIZADEH H,SIDDHARTHAN V R,HAJJ Y E,et al. Validation of the subgrade shear strength parameters estimation methodology using light weight deflectometer:Numerical simulation and measured testing data[J]. Transportation Geotechnics,2019,21:100259.
[2]
TANG C,LU Z,LIU G,et al. Study on mechanism and application of PFWD for subgrade quality detection:semi-analytical approach and experiment[J]. Road Materials and Pavement Design,2024,25(2):326-343.
[3]
ZHANG J,LU Z,TANG C X,et al. Forward calculation of displacement fields with multilayered unsaturated highway system induced by falling weight deflectometer using dynamic response method[J]. Transportation Geotechnics,2023,38:100866.
[4]
范海山,张军辉,郑健龙. 路基模量沿深度非均匀分布沥青路面动力解析解[J]. 岩土工程学报,2022,44(6):1 016-1 026.(FAN Haishan,ZHANG Junhui,ZHENG Jianlong. Analytical solution for dynamic response of asphalt pavement with subgrade modulus varying with depth[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2022,44(6):1 016-1 026.(in Chinese))
[5]
LOIZOS A,BOUKOVALAS G. Pavement soil characterization using a dynamic stiffness model[J]. International Journal of Pavement Engineering,2005,6(1):5-15.
[6]
SENSENEY C T,GRASMICK J,MOONEY M A. Sensitivity of lightweight deflectometer deflections to layer stiffness via finite element analysis[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2015,52(7):961-970.
[7]
尹紫红,朱仁政,邱泓滔,等. 弹射冲击荷载下重载铁路路基动位移空间分布特征[J]. 西南交通大学学报,2021,56(4):777-786. (YIN Zihong,ZHU Renzheng,QIU Hongtao,et el. Spatial distribution characteristics of dynamic displacement of heavy-haul railway subgrade system under launching impact load[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2021,56(4):777-786.(in Chinese))
[8]
GEORGE V,KUMAR A. Studies on modulus of resilience using cyclic tri-axial test and correlations to PFWD,DCP,and CBR[J]. International Journal of Pavement Engineering,2018,19(11):976-985.
[9]
KAVUSSI A,RAFIEI K,YASROBI S. Evaluation of PFWD as potential quality control tool of pavement layers[J]. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,2010,16(1):123-129.
[10]
LIN D F,LIAU C C,LIN J D. Factors affecting portable failing weight deflectometer measurements[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2006,132(6):804-808.
[11]
RAFIEI K,KAVUSSI A,YASROBI S. Construction quality control of unbound layers based on stiffness modulus criterla[J]. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,2012,18(1):5-13.
[12]
WEI G J,WANG B. PFWD's Application in the evaluation of structural strength of field hot regeneration asphalt pavement[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2013,723:141-148.
[13]
华 阳,葛建立,汤鹏扬,等. 冲击载作用下座钣与卵石炮位耦合特性仿真研究[J]. 火炮发射与控制学报,2023,44(5):14-21.(HUA Yang,GE Jinali,TANG Pengyang,et al. Simulation study on coupling characteristics of mortal base plate and pebble emplacement under impact load[J]. Journal of Gun Launch and Control,2023,44(5):14-21.(in Chinese))
[14]
王 鑫. 地震作用下碎石土堆积体边坡稳定性分析[硕士学位论文][D]. 成都:西南交通大学,2016.(WANG Xin. Stability analysis of gravel-soil accumulation slope under earthquake[M. S. Thesis][D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2016.(in Chinese))
[15]
YU J,WU C J,JIA C J,et al. Study of variation of pore properties in gravel soil under triaxial loading based on discrete element method[J]. Current Science,2021,121(6):801-809.
[16]
杨 贵,肖 杨,高德清. 粗粒料三维颗粒流数值模拟及其破坏准则研究[J]. 岩土力学,2010,31(增2):402-406.(YANG Gui,XIAO Yang,GAO Deqing. Study of three-dimensional particle flow numerical simulation and failure criterion for coarse-grained soils[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(Supp.2):402-406.(in Chinese))
[17]
齐 阳,唐新军,李晓庆. 粗粒土应力诱发各向异性真三轴试验颗粒流模拟研究[J]. 岩土工程学报,2015,37(12):2 292-2 300.(QI Yang,TANG Xinjun,LI Xiaoqing. Stress-induced anisotropy of coarse-grained soil by true triaxial tests based on PFC[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2015,37(12):2 292-2 300.(in Chinese))
[18]
刘陈林. 基于颗粒流的大粒径填石路基强夯加固效果分析[硕士学位论文][D]. 淮南:安徽理工大学,2019.(LIU Chenlin. analysis on reinforcement effect of dynamic compaction on large-diameter rockfill subgrade base on particle flow code[M. S. Thesis][D]. Huainan:Anhui University of Science and Technology,2019.(in Chinese))
[19]
金 磊,曾亚武. 土石混合体宏细观力学特性和变形破坏机制的三维离散元精细模拟[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(6):1 540-1 550.(JIN Lei,ZENG Yawu. Refined simulation for macro-and meso-mechanical properties and failure mechanism of soil-rock mixture by 3D DEM[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(6):1540-1 550.(in Chinese))
[20]
王 龙,夏浩然. PFWD冲击荷载的影响深度及参数配置[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报,2019,51(9):62-67.(WANG Long,XIA Haoran. Analysis on the action depth of PFWD impact load and parameters configuration[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2019,51(9):62-67.(in Chinese))
[21]
HOOMANS B P B,KUIPERS J A M,BRIELS W J,et al. Discrete particle simulation of bubble and slug formation in a two-dimensional gas-fluidised bed:A hard-sphere approach[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,1996,51(1):99-118.
[22]
杨 杰. 基于PFWD的高速公路路基压实质量快速检测技术应用研究[硕士学位论文][D]. 石家庄;石家庄铁道大学,2022.(YANG Jie. Application study on fast detection technology of expressway subgrade compaction quality based on PFWD[M. S. Thesis][D]. Shijiazhuang:Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,2022.(in Chinese))
[23]
中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. JTG E60—2008 公路路基路面现场测试规程[S]. 北京:人民交通出版社股份有限公司,2008.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China. JTG E60—2008 Field test methods of highway subgrade and pavement[S]. Beijing:People?s Communications Publishing House Co. Ltd,2008.(in Chinese))
[24]
《工程地质手册》编委会. 工程地质手册[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017:177-178.(Editorial Board of“Engineering Geology Manual”. Engineering geology manual[M]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2017:177-178.(in Chinese))
[25]
唐楚轩. 路基工程多场耦合动力响应与工程应用[博士学位论文][D]. 武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2024.(TANG Chuxuan. Multi-field coupled dynamic response and engineering application of subgrade engineering[Ph. D. Thesis][D]. Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2024.(in Chinese))
[26]
张安顺,付 伟,张军辉,等. 长沙压实黏土剪切特性及应力-应变关系表征[J]. 吉林大学学报:工学版,2025,待刊.(ZHANG Anshun,FU Wei,ZHANG Junhui,et al. Shear properties and stress-strain relationships characterization of Changsha compacted clay[J]. Journal of Jilin University:Engineering and Technology,2025,to be pressed.(in Chinese))
[27]
陈 永,黄英豪,王 硕,等. 冻融循环对不同压实度下膨胀土力学特性影响的试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,2023,42(增2):4 299-4 309.(CHEN Yong,HUANG Yinghao,WANG Shuo,et al. Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical properties of expansive soils at different compaction degrees[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2023,42(Supp.2):4 299-4 309.(in Chinese))