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VISUALIzed ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND engineering

Zheng Yifeng1，Sun Jun2

2004, 23 (S2): 4669-4673

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Aiming at construction features of underground engineering and the existing problems of data analysis at present，a visualized analytical method of applied scientific computation during analysis of underground engineering in conjunction with the thought of volume-visualization algorithm is studied，and a study method of visualized analysis for problems arising from underground engineering is set up，an algorithm of surface restructure orientation and direct volume visualization is proposed，and a visualization solution for problems of underground engineering is realized.

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ADVANCE AND PROSPECT IN RESEARCH of EVOLUTION of FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS of Rock Mass Caused by Underground Mining

Yu Guangming1，Li Aiwu1，Pan Yongzhan1，Liu Fushun1，Dong Chunsheng2

2004, 23 (S2): 4674-4678

[PDF] 330 KB (12)

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The fractal characteristics of natural rock masses are put forward，the laws of dynamic evolution of fractal phenomena are studied and summarized，including fractal dimension of the distribution of initial cracks，expansion of cracks or appearance of cracks，and reborn cracks of rock mass under influence of underground mining. The relations between the value of fractal dimension and the stress state，mechanics property，evolution of physical and chemical characteristics are discussed，the significance of studying fractal character of rock mass and its evolution laws are forecasted，and a new research route for more knowledge of nonlinear complexity of failure of rock mass is put forward，including the chaos characteristics in process of its dynamic evolution，the mutational phenomenon of mechanical action of fractal evolution and synergetic effect of crack evolution. The application domain and prospect of the of fractal characteristics and its evolution law are proposed.

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DEVELOPMENT OF ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION FOR TAIWAN

Chang C T，Hou P C，Lee M C，Lee Y T，Chang P H

2004, 23 (S2): 4679-4684

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The application of existent rock mass classifications in Taiwan is introduced. The applicability of these classifications in rock or poor-cemented ground tunnels is discussed. A new classification system is established，which classifies rock formations in Taiwan into four types. This system is based on local geologic material properties，geologic age，sensitivity to water and relevant strength characteristics of rock formations. The criteria to rate various rock types are also formulated，which are the basis of tunnel-support design.

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CASES STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF GROUND TREATMENTS FOR GEOLOGICALLY-WEAK ZONES OF SHAFTS IN PINGLIN TUNNEL OF TAIPEI-YILAN EXPRESSWAY PROJECT

Tseng Darjen1，Chang Lungchun2，Hsieh Jimho1

2004, 23 (S2): 4685-4691

[PDF] 3459 KB (59)

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The shaft No.2 keeps stable without any ground treatment even though it was located on the north limb of the Taotiaotzu Syncline. But shaft No.3 is in the sandstone formation of Szeleng Formation in Eocene，in which rock masses are fractured and highly permeable with large amount of groundwater. Under these conditions，the ground treatment should be adapted to keep the construction continue. The liquid glass grouting method in short-stage was performed in the exhausted-air shaft，and the bentonite-cement grouting method in long-stage in the fresh-air shaft. Because of the poor geology and geotechnical conditions，the bentonite-cement grouting method in long-stage is performed on the shaft No.1 in a monocline of the south limb of the Yingtzulai Syncline. Now，the works of excavation on shaft No.2 and shaft No.3 have been finished，and the pilot-hole drilling with raise-boring method is going on. The geotechnical characteristics of the geologically-weak zones and the principles of the ground treatments are discussed.

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CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNELS OF TAIWAN HIGH SPEED RAIL

Yeh Hsangyang1，Lo Wenhsien2

2004, 23 (S2): 4692-4703

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Of the total length of 345 km of Taiwan High Speed Rail Project，330 km are contracted by Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation. Of it，13% in length，approximately 44 km，is tunnels. It consists of 5 open-cut tunnels and 42 bored tunnels. Of them，4 are longer than 3 km and 6 are longer than 1 km. Design concept and the construction status of these tunnels are described

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RESEARCH ON ROCK COVER THICKNESS OF submarine highway TUNNEL

Zhou Yu1，Chen Weizhong2，Li Shucai2

2004, 23 (S2): 4704-4708

[PDF] 788 KB (15)

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In special geological conditions，the submarine tunnel is the safest and shortest scheme. The first submarine tunnel in the world，Kanmon Tunnel was built in 1936 in Japan. Since then，nearly one hundred submarine tunnels have been constructed，but there still are many problems to be solved in the design and construction. Based on investigations of submarine tunnels all over the world，numerical simulation and empirical analogue method have been carried to determine the minimum thickness of rock cover for Xiamen Submarine Highway Tunnels in China. The conclusions from the research can provide references for future the design and practice of submarine tunnels.

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PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF HARD ROCK TBM TUNNELING

Gong Qiuming，Zhao Jian，Zhang Xihu

2004, 23 (S2): 4709-4714

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The rock breakage mechanisms induced by TBM cutters are analyzed. A series of TBM performance prediction models developed since 1970s are introduced，which include the single factor prediction model，CSM (Colorado School of Mines) model，NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) model，QTBM model，probabilistic model and neuro-fuzzy model. The single factor prediction model only utilizes one parameter of the rock material properties，such as rock uniaxial compressive strength，Brazilian tensile strength or the total hardness，to predict the TBM penetration rate. Based on the database of measured cutting force generated in the Linear Cutting Machine(LCM) with disc cutter in different rock types，CSM proposed a prediction model of multiple variable regression analysis. In this model，the rock uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength are taken in consideration. NTNU model is based on extensive laboratory tests，TBM performance data and geological mapping data. The model can predict net penetration rate，cutter life，machine utilization and excavation cost step by step. Rock drillability，porosity，joint spacing and orientation are taken into account in its penetration rate prediction model. The probabilistic model is based on a large database of over 600 public domain case histories. QTBM is originated form the Q system，and the difference is some new parameters that are relevant to the TBM performance are considered. The neuro-fuzzy model is a black box model，which may not consider the interaction between TBM and rock mass that still is regarded as a dynamic，uncertain，complex and non-linear and ill-defined process.

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Safety assessment of Underground tunnel subjected to Adjacent Tunnel explosion

Ma Guowei1，Zhao Jian1，Hao Hong2，Li Shucai3，Chen Weizhong3

2004, 23 (S2): 4715-4720

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A numerical simulation method is proposed to evaluate the underground tunnel safety against explosion in adjacent tunnels. The dynamic constitutive relation used for rock material in the present study consists of a continuum damage model with the damage scalar depending on an equivalent tensile strain，a modified piecewise linear Drucker-Prager strength model allowing for the material strength degradation with damage，and a modified linear equation of state. The numerical model is calibrated by simulation of independent field explosion tests. Parametric study regarding the effect of the adjacent tunnel distance on the dynamic responses of underground tunnel is carried out. Failure zone around the explosion tunnel，and stress，strain and velocity on the adjacent tunnel wall are calculated. Safe separation distance between the adjacent tunnels is predicted and compared with empirical result.

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INFLUENCE OF CONFINING PRESSURE AND fissure WATER PRESSURE ON INITIAL OPENING FOR ELLIPSE FACTURE

Zhang Dunfu，Zhu Weishen，Li Shucai，Guo Yanshuang

2004, 23 (S2): 4721-4725

[PDF] 1489 KB (15)

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By using linear elastic theory，formulae for tangential stress on ellipse edge are derived. Opening point，opening angle and maximal tangential stress on ellipse edge are presented under uniaxial compression，biaxial compression and uniaxial compression with fissure water pressure respectively. Based on the maximal tension stress theory，formulae of maximal tangential stress and critical load are presented. The results show that opening point，opening angle，maximal tangential stress and critical load vary with aspect ratio and inclined angle. The most dangerous inclined angle is obtained accordingly.

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COUPLED MODEL OF SEEPAGE AND PIPE-FLOW FOR SAND PRODUCTION FROM BIG CHANNEL IN UNCONSOLIDATED RESERVOIR

Liu Jianjun1，2，Pei Guihong1，Li Jixiang1，Luo Sijing1

2004, 23 (S2): 4726-4730

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A coupled model of seepage and pipe-flow for sand production from big channel in unconsolidated reservoir is deduced based on fluid mechanics and rock mechanics. The fluid flow in reservoir is assumed to obey Darcy’s law and mass conservation law. The flow in big channel is fluid-solid two-phase flow，and it observes Navier-Stokes equations. The coupled relations between seepage and pipe-flow are obtained based on flux and pressure conditions. Threshold sand-production flow rate and sand flaking equation are given by experimental results. Using the above model，big channel propagating in a rectangle zone is simulated，in which a production well and a water well are located. Through simulation，the pressure distribution in flow filed and sand-production curves are achieved. According to simulation results，influencing factors of sand production，such as fluid viscosity and production rate，are analyzed.

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Determining WEIGHT of factors in STABILITY ANALYSIS of UNDERGROUND CAVERNS by ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

Li Xiaojing1，Zhu Weishen1，Chen Weizhong2，Wu Ke1

2004, 23 (S2): 4731-4734

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In this stability analysis of underground caverns，influencing factors，such as mechanical parameters of surrounding rock masses and height，depth and spacing of caverns and so on，are considered. This paper performs numerical simulations of 16 operating modes，and establishes a model of the analytic hierarchy process of stability analysis for large-scale underground caverns. The process includes construction of decision matrices，solution of characteristic vector and verification of consistency. The method can be used in general sequencing for influencing factors of the stability of surrounding rock masses and provide a basis for the stability forecasting of underground caverns.

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ELASTICITY ANALYSIS ON DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR STRESS ALONG ANCHORING SECTION OF PRESTRESSED ANCHOR CABLE

Zhang Duanliang1，Dong Yanjun2，Tang Leren1，Hu Yifu2

2004, 23 (S2): 4735-4738

[PDF] 611 KB (16)

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The shear stress of prestressed anchor cable is unevenly distributed along anchoring section，and there are several different methods in the research on the unevenness，but the curves of the shear stress distribution by these methods are not always the same. In this paper，the distribution of shear stress along the anchoring section is analyzed by the elasticity theory，and the shear curve is simulated. A reasonable conclusion is given by comparing the results of the simulation with that of the field test.

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ANALYSIS ON STRENGTH SOFTENING OF argillite UNDER GROUNDWATER BY DAMAGE MECHANICS

Zhu Zhende1，Xing Fudong1，Wang Sijing1，2，Xu Weiya1

2004, 23 (S2): 4739-4743

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For the special geologic condition of 18 layers of argillite located in highwall slope of the intake in Longtan Hydropower Station Project，a study on the damage mechanism of the water-rock interaction is carried out. A series of uniaxial compression tests of the 18 layers of argillite with different water content are conducted in Rock Mechanics Rigidity Servo Testing System(RMT-150B). The test results show that the softening of compressive strength of argillite is not only closely related to its water content，but the time of being soaked in water. The effects of groundwater on rock strength and deformation are analyzed by theories of damage mechanics. Through introducing the volumetric change caused by rock dilatancy to the damage variable，the evolution equation of damage of rock meeting with water is established，which is closely related to rock stress state. The experiments demonstrate that it can well describe rock damage features caused by water，and so it provides the theoretic basis for analyzing landslide phenomenon caused by rainfall infiltrating into rock masses.

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STUDY OF EFFECTS OF BLAST ON SHALLOW LARGE-SPAN DOUBLE-LINKED-ARCH TUNNEL OF EXPRESSWAY

Li Fei1，Chen Weizhong1，Li Shucai1，2，Li Tingchun3

2004, 23 (S2): 4744-4748

[PDF] 1399 KB (138)

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The section from Yichang to Enshi of the Shanghai—Chengdu expressway goes through mountainous area，and bridges and tunnels account for 50% of the length of the section. Shallow large-span double-linked-arch tunnel was adopted to save investment at the transition between bridges and tunnels. The spacing of tunnels is 5.5～25 m in the transition segments. The blasting of tunnel will have big influence on the stability of the adjacent tunnel. In this paper，the FDM software FLAC3D is employed to simulate the dynamic load on boreholes of the tunnels in different rock masses during blasting. The influence of the charge on the vibration velocity at key points，vibration velocity history and the state of remained rock masses are obtained from numerical results. A reasonable dynamite charge is suggested. The conclusions are valuable in design and construction of the tunnels.

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APPLICATION OF ENERGY DAMAGE REINFORCEMENT MODEL IN LANDSLIDE TREATMENT

Zhang Qiangyong，Xiang Wen，Li Shucai，Zhu Weishen

2004, 23 (S2): 4749-4751

[PDF] 589 KB (33)

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According to energy damage anchoring mechanism，an energy damage reinforcement model is proposed in this paper to simulate reinforcing effect of bolts in jointed rock masses. After carefully analyzing causes of landslide，the model is applied to Dananshan Landslide which is the largest geological hazard so far in Shenzhen and remarkable economic effect is obtained.

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STUDY ON GROUND SURFACE SUBSIDENCE DUE TO UNDERGROUND TUNNEL EXCAVATION

Li Wenxiu，Zhai Shuhua，Qiao Jinli

2004, 23 (S2): 4752-4756

[PDF] 358 KB (9)

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The prediction of displacement of rock masses and their surface effects are an important problem of the rock mass mechanics in the excavation activities，especially in the underground engineering excavation in mountain areas. Any tunnel and underground excavation will inevitably disturb the original stress field，which in turn causes displacement and deformation of rock mass which lead to ground surface subsidence. Although there are several empirical and semi-empirical formulae available for predicting ground surface subsidence，most of these do not simultaneously take displacement of rock mass into consideration，resulting in inaccurate predictions. Based on results of the statistical analysis of a large amount of measured data in underground excavation，the fundamental mathematical model of ground surface subsidence is established by using the theory of probability and statistics. In order to improve compution rate and stability of BP neural networks，the coefficient of dynamic-item and varied steps are adopted for back analysis of rock mass displacement due to underground tunnel excavation. The agreement of the theoretical results with the ground surface subsidence by using the numerical analysis methods shows that this model is satisfactory and the formulae obtained are valid and thus effectively for analyzing and predicting the ground surface subsidence or the rock mass displacement and deformation due to underground tunnel excavation.

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ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED TRIANGLE ROOF PLATE WITH CURVE SIDE ON THE END OF SUB-LEVEL CAVING MINING FACE

Dai Jin，Li Hong，Jiang Jinquan

2004, 23 (S2): 4757-4760

[PDF] 384 KB (32)

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Both ends of sub-level caving face are main place of roof accidents，because the movement mode and stable range of suspended triangle roof plate with a curve side influence the stability of the roof on both ends of the face and difficulty extent of support. By elastic analysis，it is known that thickness of roof stratum influences directly the size of the suspended triangle roof plate. Under the present condition of coal mining and tunneling technology，the instability roofs with little stratum thickness can be bolted to form thick and stable roof. The complete suspended plate with reasonable size is formed，thus the support on both ends of the workface and in advance of gateway can be improved.

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Review on CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FUXINGDONGLU CROSSing-RIVER TUNNEL PROJECT in SHANGHAI

Zhou Song

2004, 23 (S2): 4761-4769

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The Fuxingdonglu roadway tunnel is a twin bore，bi-directional，double deck，six lane tunnel crossing the Huangpu River，with outer diameter of 11.00 m，inner diameter of 10.04 m，and headroom of 2.6 m at the upper deck and 4 m for the lower deck. The tunnel is driven by a slurry shield machine and is the first double-deck tunneling project in China. An overview on construction of under-river section，liaison passage，landward section and electromechanical installation is presented.

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UNDERGROUND SPACE UTILIZATIONS IN JAPAN

Li Xiaochun1，Jiang Yujing2

2004, 23 (S2): 4770-4777

[PDF] 451 KB (159)

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Japan is a mountainous island country，with a narrow plain area that is finely divided by maintain ranges and straits. In spite of its extremely complex geological conditions (densely-distributed faults and active faults，abundant soft soils and weak rocks，and high level of underground water) and frequent disasters (earthquakes，soil liquefactions，volcanoes and landslides)，a large quantity of underground facilities has been successfully constructed. Lots of tunnels connect the cities，5 of which are among world longest 10. In the major cities，most of lifelines have been buried underground，and subways have a total length of 638 km. In China，the pace of subway and underground lifeline constructions has just been speeded up in recent years. The present total length of subways in China is same as that in the early 1970s in Japan. China may need to construct 1 000 km more subways and even longer lifelines in 20～30 years. The geological conditions in some of major cities of China are comparably complex than that those of Japan. Therefore，the know-how and technologies of Japan is expected to be very valuable for China. The authors outline the history，the state of art，recent progresses of the underground space utilizations and the related technologies，especially，shield tunneling methods of Japan.

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scheme comparison for CROSSING SEA PROJECT of XIAMEN EAST PASSAGE

Yin Ruihua，Liang Wei

2004, 23 (S2): 4778-4786

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Crossing Sea Project of Xiamen East Passage is under the feasibility study. Two alternatives，the bridge and the tunnel，are preselected for this project. This paper demonstrates the advantages of the tunnel for this project. Three tunnel construction methods are put forward and compared，including drilling and blasting method，tunnel boring machine method and immersed tunnel method，in which the geological conditions，the requirements linking line between the two banks and the environment protection of this project are considered. Through the comparison and analysis of the advantage and difficult point of each method，the drilling and blasting method is recommended. At present stage，many projects crossing sea and river are carried out，so the pre-stage work of this project will be helpful to the other engineers for the similiar projects.

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SALT CAVERN UNDERGROUND STORAGE FOR PETROLEUM STRATEGIC RESERVE

Li Jianzhong

2004, 23 (S2): 4787-4789

[PDF] 486 KB (129)

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Petroleum reserve stockpile is an effective means to control price fluctuations，balance supply and demand，withstand the emergency and safeguard the social economic safety. Salt cavern construction is a pioneered attempt for strategic reserve in China. The characteristics of salt cavern construction formed by water dissolving salt formation in appropriate conditions are describes. Design of salt cavern construction and critical engineering technology are also presented. Valuable information about the safety auxiliary facilities in the long distance pipeline transportation system of The West-East Gas Transmission Pipeline Project and new stockpile for petroleum strategic reserve is provided.

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Stability Classification of COal roads IN huainan mining area and engineering countermeasures

Yuan Liang

2004, 23 (S2): 4790-4794

[PDF] 358 KB (44)

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The stability of the roof plates of coal roads in Huainan Mining Area is classified by two indexes，the intensity of tectonic stress and the complexity of occurrence structure of roof layers. The classification reflects that the composite roof plates are liable to develop layer separation in the mining area. The coal roads of Class IV，V are further divided into four types，stable，fragmentized，layer-separated，and layer-separated fragmentized coal roads. The idea of pretension supporting and the technique of serial pretension supporting are proposed for the control of layer separation，which effectively resolve the long-standing problem of coal road supporting.

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FIRST SUCCESSFUL BREAKING-THROURH OF HYDRAULIC TUNNEL BY TBM IN TAIWAN

Lee Minghsiung1，Lee Hungjoe2，Lee Chinglung1，Cheng Chienho1，Huang Weikuang1

2004, 23 (S2): 4795-4801

[PDF] 2496 KB (14)

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The total tunnel length of the longest hydraulic tunnel in Taiwan，the New Wuchieh Diversion Tunnel and Lishi Creek Diversion Project of Taiwan Power Company，is about 16.5 km. Considering the homogeneous rock condition without obvious poor geological structures，the 7.8 km long tunnel between the Ghoshui River Crossing Bridge and the Muchilan Culvert is excavated by the TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine). TBM tunneling can not only shorten the construction period，but also lower the impact to the environments，requiring less labor and improving the tunneling technique of Taiwan. During the construction period，a serious earthquake and a heavy typhoon had been encountered. With proper measurements and treatments，the excavation of the TBM is very smooth. On June 7，2002，the tunnel was broken through by TBM. This is also the first successful break-though of TBM tunneling in Taiwan. The average monthly progress of 315 m and the biggest driven length of 6 523 m by TBM became a new milestone in Taiwan.

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EFFECTS OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON LINING DESIGN OF SHIELD TUNNEL

Ho T Y，Chen J J，Chen F S

2004, 23 (S2): 4802-4809

[PDF] 1787 KB (28)

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The lining of the tunnel is composed of segments，whereby the strength and thickness of segments is of significance to the safety of the tunnel. The effects of soil properties，buried depth of tunnel and other factors on the loading characteristics of tunnel lining are studied and finite element analysis is carried out. It is recommended from the analysis that the tunnel lining should be designed with reasonable and adequate thickness and strength.

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Study On CROSS-RIVER SECTION of XINGcHUNG LINE OF TRTS

Chung Peiyi1，Hsueh Yuehchin 2

2004, 23 (S2): 4810-4815

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The CK570C section of Xingchung line is the most difficult construction project in the history of Taipei metropolis rapid transit system. This project goes from O8 station to O5 station. The total length of is 3.2 km and this section includes 3 stations. Of them，Taipei Bridge station (O7 station) is a side platform station and Cailiao station (O6 station) and Sanchong station (O5 station) are economic-style stations. In addition，there are two open-cut tunnels for rail section and cross-over section respectively，and four shield tunnels in the CK570C section. In this section，there are two difficult construction areas：one is cross-over structure for track turnout under the deep zone of Danshui River，and the other is Taipei Bridge station. From the consideration of construction，cofferdams are need before the construction of diaphragm wall. But the protection of river must be enhanced because the cofferdam may cause scouring to the bank and river bed.

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INVESTIGATION and REPAIRMENT OF A EARTHQUAKE-DAMAGED TUNNEL

Chen J G，Chen F S，Chou Y C

2004, 23 (S2): 4816-4822

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During the Chi-Chi earthquake，many infrastructures suffered damages to various extents. Tunnels near the mountain suffered most severe damages with rocks falling from the tunnel portal slope，cracks in the concrete lining，lining falling and leakage of water. The result of investigation，evaluation of a earthquake-damaged tunnel and its repairmen design are introduced. The Video-GIS image information system is employed to integrate all the information about design，construction reports and periodical maintenance records.

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ANALYSIS OF interaction of rock masses and support system of monorail TUNNEL IN EAST TAIWAN

Lee Yulin，Lin Mingyi

2004, 23 (S2): 4823-4832

[PDF] 1267 KB (13)

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The application of the convergence-confinement method and the new explicit method，the regression analysis of parameters，and the prediction of interaction between rock masses and support system are discussed with background of monorail tunnels in the east of Taiwan. The geological condition of the tunnel is introduced. According to the analytical calculations，the displacements at pre-stage and of unsupported section，the elasticity modulus of rock masses，the pressure of support system，and the longitudinal deformation curve are studied.

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Study on DESIGN of HIGHWAY GRAVEL TUNNEL

Yang Sunglung1，Kao Yaohung1，Chen Yitjin2，Lien Weichih2

2004, 23 (S2): 4833-4839

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The design and construction of gravel tunnel and rock tunnel are different. Rock classifications，such as CSIR-RMR method and Barton-Q system，are not suitable for the gravel tunnel. Because of the difficulties in sampling in site investigation and determining grain size，the laboratory tests are not so convenient to carry out for obtaining the ground parameters. Although some gravel tunnels have been finished in the recent year，the available experience is still inadequate. In the first case of highway gravel tunnel in Taiwan，the geological and mechanical characteristics are fully studied prior to tunnel design. The design methodology is introduced，in which the characteristics mentioned above are considered. The numerical analysis on the support system is then carried out.

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APPLICATIONS OF case-based reasoning in design of TUNNEL SUPPORT STRUCTURE

Yu Chiwen1，Chern Jinching1，Lee Minchen2，Chang Chitzo2

2004, 23 (S2): 4840-4846

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120 cases of tunnel design in Taiwan in the past 20 years are collected to establish a design database for tunnel support. The database is analyzed by algorithms of artificial intelligence technologies such as case-based reasoning (CBR) and artificial neural network (ANN). The results show that，with carefully-selected case histories and adequate method for data mining，rational designs of tunnel support can be obtained by finding the most similar case or cases in the database. The database based on only tunnels in the jointed rock mass is studied.

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STUDY ON SEISMIC DESIGN OF SECONDARY LINING of TUNNEL

Wang Yugoon，Lee Yeouherng

2004, 23 (S2): 4847-4853

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The assumption that secondary lining does not take any loading in the traditional design is not true. So，secondary lining under the stress induced by the seism indeed has tremendous potential danger. The loading pattern of secondary lining in the seism is discussed because the current research on it is not sufficient. And recommendations are given about revising the current design ideas of secondary lining.

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PROCESSing AND INTERPRETIng of THREE-DIMENSIONAL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING IMAGEs FOR FAULT ACTIVITY STUDY

Chen S，Hou P C

2004, 23 (S2): 4854-4859

[PDF] 2998 KB (39)

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Satellite remote sensing images provide factual image evidence in tracing faults that cut through the ground surface. This facilitates evaluation on the extent of the fault，since the fault trace can be directly read from the images. A three-dimensional computation model is employed，which is constructed from DTM data，with satellite image mapping on it. By the image-enhancing procedure of simulating different light projecting direction and locating position by computer，the invisible fault trace can be easily identified. Furthermore，if the image indicates that the fault scarp cuts through a set of river terraces or recent fluvial deposit，the activity of the fault can be determined. Two cases，Chelungpu Fault and Hsinchang Fault，are discussed. These case studies shows that the satellite image-enhancing procedure is very useful for the fault activity study，especially in the plain area. It can improve the fault trace features and provide direct image evidence regarding the fault activity to the researcher. In the case of Chelungpu Fault，the big earthquake occurred 3 years after our active fault confirmation report，proved our study. In addition，if the map of the fault trace by satellite image is superposed on that of the recent earthquake rupture，these two traces almost cover each other in the research area.

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STUDY on MAIN ISSUES IN YUANSHANTZU FLOOD-diversion tunnel

Liu Jiunnming1，Chang Chitzo2，Lee Minchen2，Tang Mengyu2

2004, 23 (S2): 4860-4864

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Yuanshantzu flood-diversion tunnel locates at the upper stream of Keelung River in Ruifang Town，Taipei County. This flood diversion project is totally 2.8 km in length，including one circular tunnel with a length of 2.5 km and diameter 12 m. This project serves to bypass water from Keelung River to sea directly，and it has lowered 1 310 cm for the down-stream water level in the flood period of year 2000. Due to the high flow velocity in tunnel (up to 17 m/s)，the strategy for concrete abrasion is essential. The following design issues，such as cross section，support and lining，geological investigation during tunneling，control measures of the hydrating temperature in high strength concrete and treatment of concrete abrasion，are discussed.

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ANALYSIS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLLED-LOW-STRENGTH MATERIALS used iN TERMINUS SHAFT of SHEILD tunnel

Ko Wute

2004, 23 (S2): 4865-4869

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In Taiwan，controlled-low-strength-material is widely used as backfilling material in cable trench because of its effectiveness. The maintenance office of public works department of Taipei Municipal Government has already established specific regulations regarding the usage of this material. Shield-driven tunneling is the most popular method in the Taiwan MRT projects and underground sewage projects. Joining of the shaft and the tunnel is generally of high risk because of potential dangers such as ground subsidence and tunnel collapse. The usage and effectiveness of controlled-low-strength material in terminus shaft of shield tunnel are studied.

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BUILDING PROTECTIONS with SHIELD TUNNEL PASSING UNDER

Tsai Minchun1，Lai Chingho1，Chang Nelson2

2004, 23 (S2): 4870-4875

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The case that a shield tunnel passes under buildings in clay layers is introduced. To avoid potential damages to the existing buildings induced by the settlement，the original planning was to apply JSG method to cut off the outward propagation of the settlement by forming a ring around the shield tunnel. The site trials of the single-，double- and triple-tube grouting had failed because of the low sampling ratio. Then HDD method in construction period was also called a halt because ground heaving has occurred. The secondary compensation grouting following backfill grouting was employed after full evaluation on construction procedure and construction-control technique，and intensive monitoring was carried during construction. This method was proved to be effective in settlement mitigation for building protection.

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EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS ON EFFECTS OF CONSTRUCTION OF ADJACENT SHIELD TUNNEL

Liao Huisheng，Yen Wenchian，Chen Chunjung

2004, 23 (S2): 4876-4881

[PDF] 1105 KB (42)

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Based on the case study of adjacent shield tunnel construction of rapid transit system and monitoring data，the effects of construction of adjacent shield tunnel with different position and distance are studied by numerical analysis. Available prevention strategies are proposed accordingly.

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REVIEW on RECENT grave accidents in LONG TUNNELs of HIGHWAY around the world FOR SAFETY FACILITY

Chou Yinte1，HsinYuanfa2，Chang Shihchung2

2004, 23 (S2): 4882-4887

[PDF] 1080 KB (14)

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Recently，there are many long tunnels of highway being constructed in Taiwan. The most famous one is Pakuashan Tunnel (5 km in length) of Hanpao-Tsaotun route (76 provincial road) of East-West Expressway.Its safety facility is of great importance. The highway tunnel accidents around the world are analyzed to evaluate a feasible emergency measure. Some suggestion are provided for improve planning and design of safety facilities.

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APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF EPB SHIELD TUNNELING IN METRO TUNNEL PROJECTS IN CHINA

Fu Deming，Zhou Wenbo

2004, 23 (S2): 4888-4892

[PDF] 1931 KB (247)

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An overview of EPB shield tunneling technique applied in metro tunnel projects in various Chinese cities is presented. Its operation mechanism and adaptability to various soils are discussed，and a comparative analysis on EPBM types and its subordinate construction techniques under various soils is given. Its development perspective is proposed.

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Evaluation OF SURROUNDING ROCK STABILITY OF LANEWAY By NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Of BOLT WORKING LOAD

Li Yi1，2，Gao Guofu1，Zhao Yangsheng2

2004, 23 (S2): 4893-4897

[PDF] 1144 KB (51)

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Displacement of surrounding rock is an important parameter reflecting the stability of underground structure，and working load of bolts is the embodiment of interaction of surrounding rock and bolts. The working load can be obtained by nondestructive testing. The mechanism of bolt anchoring and nondestructive testing of bolts are introduced briefly，the correlation of deformation of surrounding rock and working load of bolt is discussed by equivalent material simulation and data analysis，and the stability of surrounding rock is evaluated.

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NUMERICAL TEST ON INFLUENCE OF MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEITY ON CRACK PROPAGATION OF HIGH- TEMPERATURE ROCK SAMPLE

Kang Jian1，Zhao Mingpeng1，Zhao Yangsheng2，Liang Bing1

2004, 23 (S2): 4898-4901

[PDF] 519 KB (35)

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Random non-homogeneous solid-thermal-coupled mathematics model and FEM are used. In plane stain state，the influence of heterogeneity on crack propagation in granite is studied with thermal dilatability and thermal conduction of exponential distribution and Weibull distribution based on a lot of numerical experiments. The relationships among the type of the random distribution，distribution parameter，time and thermal cracking of granite samples are pointed out.

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Numerical simulation test on macro mechanicS parameters of layerED COMPOSITE rock massES

Guo Zhihua1，Sheng Qian1，Mei Songhua1，2，Leng Xianlun3

2004, 23 (S2): 4902-4906

[PDF] 1117 KB (52)

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Based on the background of Shuibuya Project，combined with the present specifications of rock tests，numerical simulations of triaxial compression test for layered composite rock masses are carried out. Then the anisotropy of the macro deformation parameters is studied and the effect of the dip angle，the depth，the deformation modulus on macro elastic modulus of soft rock is analyzed. The result will be profitable for the designers and the constructors to evaluate macro mechanics parameters of rock mass.

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THEORETIC AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE COUPLING OF SEEPAGE FLOW AND 3D STRESSES IN FRACTURED ROCK MASSES

Chang Zongxu1，Zhao Yangsheng1，2，Hu Yaoqing1，Yang Dong1

2004, 23 (S2): 4907-4911

[PDF] 417 KB (47)

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The coupling equation of the seepage flow in fractured rock masses and 3D stress is concluded. The physical models and strict related equations of rock mass under 3D stresses are proposed by joining the tectonic characteristics of the fracture in rock. In the model，it is supposed that the fracture in rock is composed of two body matrixes and the fracture is filled by soft material，whose elastic modulus is much less than that of the body matrixes. Under 3D stresses，the coupling deformation of fillings and body matrixes makes the fillings denser and the permeability coefficient of the fracture decrease，in which the lateral deformations of the fracture plays significant role. The lateral deformations of the body matrixes are equal to the lateral deformations of the fillings in the fracture when the fracture is very narrow. Meanwhile，the density of the fillings in the fracture will be changed with the lateral deformation and consequently the permeability coefficient of the fracture. The deduced calculation formula of permeability coefficient is examined by large amount of triaxial experimental data of coal and limestone. The simplified calculation formula of permeability coefficient with only normal stress is same as the traditional one. It is concluded that the lateral deformations caused by the lateral stresses have important effects on the fracture seepage，the relation of which is in the form of a negative exponent law. The permeability law in the group of fractures is also analyzed.

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Testing study of Gas outburst in Big coal sample and phenomenon of dimensional effect

Yang Dong，Feng Zengchao，Zhao Yangsheng

2004, 23 (S2): 4912-4915

[PDF] 744 KB (49)

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Gas of coal mine is one of the most hazardous problems in coal industry of the world. In China，the lower permeability of coal is the main character which limits the development of gas extraction industry. In this testing study of gas extraction from low permeability coal，the big coal samples(500 mm×500 mm×500 mm) are used. There are many pores and fractures in these samples. While the coal mass is under fracturing，the gas outbursts intermittently. This phenomenon is never reported in articles before while small samples had been used. So we can conclude that when big samples are used，each sample can contain more information which leads to the experiment result closer the in-situ rock test. The experiment results also reveal that to release the initial earth stress is a better way to improve the permeability of coal. Water fracturing method is one of the efficient methods to release the initial earth stress.

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STUDY ON PARAMETER SELECTION OF ROCK DEFORMATION IN UNDERGROUND CAVERN GROUP

Li Weishu，Peng Chaoquan，Le Junyi

2004, 23 (S2): 4916-4920

[PDF] 478 KB (42)

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Goupitan Hydraulic Power Plant on Wujiang River has complicated geological condition，and its rock masses are soft layers alternating with hard layers with dip offset. By static method and dynamic method，this paper investigates the influence of behavior and heterogeneity of rock mass and dimensions of test samples on parameters of rock deformation，and bring forward macro-deformation parameters.

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STUDY ON FAILURE MODE OF TUNNELs with DIFFERENT SECTIONS

Zhao Xingdong，Duan Jinchao，Tang Chunan，Zhu Wancheng

2004, 23 (S2): 4921-4925

[PDF] 1108 KB (61)

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Collapse of tunnel is a very complex question，which is controlled by many factors，such as the heterogeneity of rock mass. Therefore，it is very difficult to solve it by common methods when the heterogeneity of rock mass is incorporated. In this paper，Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA2D) code is used to simulate the collapse of tunnels with different cross sections (which are circular，rectangular，straight-wall-top-arch (SWTA) or elliptical) under different lateral pressure. The failure modes of tunnels with different sections under a variety of lateral pressure coefficients are given by using RFPA2D. The study proves that the RFPA2D is a valid numerical simulation software in design and stability analysis of tunneling engineering.

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TESTING STUDY ON 3D SIMILAR MATERIAL SIMULATION FOR SHALLOW COAL SEAM MINING

Wang Chongge1，Wang Lili2，Song Zhenqi1，Pan Liyou1

2004, 23 (S2): 4926-4929

[PDF] 1097 KB (44)

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The 3D similar material simulation is employed to research the fracture and moment law of excavated rock strata，the development procedure of crack arch and the subsidence in the condition of mining shallow seam. The test results provide basis for practical mining and governing of subsidence hazards.

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ANCHORING PARAMETERS AND EFFECT ON THIN-BEDDED AND CATACLASTIC ROOF OF STARTING CUT FOR FULLY MECHANIZED MINING

Kang Tianhe1，Gao Jinhai1，Pan Yongqian2

2004, 23 (S2): 4930-4935

[PDF] 405 KB (87)

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The anchoring theory，technology and its application effect on thin-bedded and cataclastic roof are important topics to be studied The geomechanics condition，surrounding rock characteristics and construction method of the starting cut with large section in a fully mechanized mining are introduced. The combination support of high-strength twisted-bar bolt，metal mesh，welded ladder beam，anchor cable channel beam is employed. For cases of this kind，the principles and results of selection of the anchorage materials under this condition are put forward and the determination method and results of the anchorage parameters are also given out by using the engineering analogy based on the classification of surrounding rock stability of roadway and the numerical calculation. The monitoring results for the separation of the roof indicates that (1) the anchoring method and the anchor parameters employed are effective in the control of the deformation and caving of the roof，(2) the roof strata are of the intense deformation in the first 20 days after the roadway excavation and become stable after that，(3) after the first excavation，the roof separation is chiefly the separation in the zone of bolt action，(4) after the side expansion，the roof separation is chiefly the separation in zone of anchoring cable action，(5) The combination support is economical and reliable in safety.

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ON USING DEM FOR SIMULATING RESPONSE OF JOINTED ROCK TO UNDERGROUND EXPLOSION

Jiao Yuyong1，2，Zhao Jian1，3

2004, 23 (S2): 4936-4940

[PDF] 856 KB (69)

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To verify the capability of DEM in modeling the dynamic response of rock masses to blasting loads，two underground explosion tests are numerically investigated. Results show that rock joints can significantly affect the transmission and the attenuation of shock waves，and can therefore influence the stability of the adjacent underground structures. Rock joints act as a kind of filters through which only low-frequency components of the shock waves are allowed to pass，and the high-frequency components of the shock waves do no harm to far-field tunnels if a predominant joint set exists in between. The spacing of joint set can also remarkably affect the propagation process. It indicates that as a discontinuum-based numerical approach，DEM is good at simulating the propagation and attenuation of blasting wave in jointed rock masses，and in modeling the stability of underground structures subjected to blasting loads.

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STUDY ON 3D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PRESTRESSED ANCHOR CABLE AND ITS APPLICATION

Xu Qianwei1，You Chunan2，Zhu Hehua1

2004, 23 (S2): 4941-4945

[PDF] 981 KB (82)

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Prestressed anchor cables have been widely used as a main reinforcement method in geotechnical engineering，but existing numerical method cannot simulate their effect successfully. According to different working mechanisms between free segment and consolidated segment，a new 3D FEM is presented，which can simulate the prestress. Consolidated segment is simulated by space rod element，while the free segment use a special rod element which has two nodes and one degree of freedom. Its particular bi-linear stiffness matrix can endure unilateral tension or unilateral compression，but not moment. When the element is chosen to endure tension only，the stiffness matrix will be deleted automatically if it is under compression. This character can successfully simulate tightwire. On this basis，the load-deformation characteristics and influence factors of anchor cable and rock mass are analyzed. Therefore，the reinforcement effect and mechanism can be explored. Finally，this method is successfully used in a case.

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ELASTOPLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION OF TWIN-ARCH TUNNEL

Shen Yusheng1，Zhao Yuguang1，Zhang Huanxin2，Guo Wei2，Lin Zhiyuan2，Wan Youming2，

2004, 23 (S2): 4946-4951

[PDF] 995 KB (49)

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Based on the cases of the Xiaojinkou twin-arch tunnel of Guangzhou—Huizhou Highway and the Xiedipo twin-arch tunnel of the Yibin—Shuifu Highway，the elastoplastic model of the plane stain is established and the elastoplastic behavior of the construction of the twin-arch tunnel is simulated and analyzed by the finite element. The distribution model of the plastic zones is put forward for the different execution procedures of the twin-arch tunnel. By analyzing these plastic zones，the dangerous zones of the surrounding rock masses and emphases and difficulty in the supporting and monitoring are pointed out.

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SIMULATION ANALYSIS BY TWO DIFFERENT PROGRAMS IN UNDERGROUND POWERHOUSE OF SHUIBUYA PROJECT

Sun Aihua，Zhu Weishen，Sui Bin

2004, 23 (S2): 4952-4955

[PDF] 1198 KB (35)

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This paper uses ANSYS and FLAC3D to carry out simulation analysis on four options in underground power house of Shuibuya Project. ANSYS is a two dimensional finite-element program and FLAC3D is a three dimensional explicit finite-difference program. This paper selects 16 key points at contour of cavern in underground powerhouse of Shuibuya Project，then analysis results by the two programs on the displacement and stress of the these key points and plastic zone are compared. Some relevant conclusions are given.

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stability study of underground CAVERN with NUMERICAL manifold method

dong Zhihong，Wu Aiqing，Ding Xiuli

2004, 23 (S2): 4956-4959

[PDF] 497 KB (53)

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For computation and analysis of the excavation of underground cavern，the existed NMM calculation program is improved and applied to a hydraulic power project. The results from NMM and FEM are compared，which prove the distributions of displacement and stress from the two methods are in agreement. In addition，the computation results of NMM with bolts and without bolts are compared.

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OPTIMIZATION STUDY ON CROSS SECTION OF DEEP MINE TUNNEL UNDER HIGH IN SITU STRESS

Dai Yonghao，Chen Weizhong，Liu Quansheng，Yi Xiaoming

2004, 23 (S2): 4960-4965

[PDF] 734 KB (142)

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Structure and support failures of mine tunnels are general problems for deep mines in high in situ stress rock masses，and they have great influence on production and economic performance of mines. Based on geological conditions of rock masses and measurements of in situ stress and laboratory tests results，3 numerical models are set up to optimize tunnel shape which will be constructed in －780 m level of Huainan Mines. 3D numerical simulations of the models have been performed and compared for the best tunnel shape for both the stability and convenient construction. The optimal shape is suggested based on numerical results of distribution of plastic zones，tensile stress zones and displacements at key points. The optimal scheme is applied into the practical case.

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EXCAVATION AND SUPPORT FOR UNDERGROUND POWER-HOUSE OF LANGYASHAN PUMPED-STORAGE POWER STATION

Yang Weimin1，Li Shucai1，2，Chen Weizhong2，Zhu Weishen1

2004, 23 (S2): 4966-4970

[PDF] 1385 KB (49)

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Using Three-Dimensional Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC3D) method，the excavation and the effect of support are simulated for underground power-house of langyashan pumped-storage power station. For the 1# unit profile with representative geological condition and 2# unit profile with comparatively complicated geological condition，the characters of stress，displacement vector and plastic zone of surrounding rock masses after excavation are analyzed. Some useful conclusions are gained. It will be significant for the construction of the project.

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS WITH FLAC3D OF A TUNNEL ANCHORAGE OF SIDU RIVER BRIDGE

Zhang Lijie，Huang Zhengjia，Ding Xiuli

2004, 23 (S2): 4971-4974

[PDF] 3654 KB (36)

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Tunnel anchorage and surrounding rock masses of Sidu River Bridge are analyzed by FLAC3D. Interaction between rock masses and tunnel anchorage is simulated. Deformation mechanism and rupture mode of tunnel anchorage structure and rock masses are studied. The ultimate bearing capacity or safety factor of tunnel anchorage is researched by overweighting load and reducing the value of interface intensity parameter between rock masses and tunnel anchorage. The stability is analyzed and basis is offered for design.

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NUMERICAL MODELING OF SEEPAGE-STRESS COUPLING OF DEEP FOUNDATION PIT EXCAVATION

Pei Guihong1，Wu Jun2，Liu Jianjun1，Liang Bing2

2004, 23 (S2): 4975-4978

[PDF] 996 KB (116)

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According to deep foundation practice，3D mathematic model is established，which consideres the effects of excavation process and external artificial perturbation. The deformation equations are based on small deformation hypothesis，elastoplastic behavior and Terzaghi effective stress principle. With support measures considered in numerical modeling，the variation rules of seepage，stress and displacement under precipitation of wells are studied. The effect of seepage on the stability of foundation pit excavation is analyzed.

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RESEARCH ON PARAMETERS OF BOLTING (CABLING) WITH WIRE MESH IN ACTUAL MINING ROADWAY BY CAVING METHOD

Liu Changwu，Chen Xiaoqiang，Ding Yuqiao

2004, 23 (S2): 4979-4983

[PDF] 435 KB (40)

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The quantitative designing of the support parameters according with the occurrence of coal seam and the seam condition is inevitable tendency in development of bolting support technology. The bolting with wire mesh is commonly used actual mining roadway of the thick coal seam，and in some cases the cabling reinforcement should be considered. Based on the multiple problems existing in design of bolting support in Datun Mining Area nowadays，the parameters of bolting (cabling) with wire mesh in actual mining roadway of thick coal seam by caving method are systematically studied in the paper.

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STUDY ON FAST SIMULATED ANNEALING-QUENCHING ALGORITHM

Zhang Chengyuan1，Xi Daoying2，Liu Quansheng1

2004, 23 (S2): 4984-4987

[PDF] 468 KB (30)

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We develop a mixed simulated-annealing algorithm in more effective mode by introducing quenching factor. It provides adjustment facility which makes search process more accurate or faster. This mixed algorithm with exponential-type simulated temperature schedule is faster than Boltzmann annealing and Cauchy fast annealing. Numerical experiments indicate that the algorithm yields high-resolution results in robust way，or slightly worse imaging in shorter calculation time.

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REALIZATION OF 3D FEM MESH SUBDIVISION FOR OF COMPLICATED UNDERGROUD CAVITYGROUP IN CAD

Zheng Yonglan，Xiao Ming

2004, 23 (S2): 4988-4992

[PDF] 440 KB (18)

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AutoCAD is selected for the 3D FEM pre-treatment，Fortran or Visual C++ is adopted in data input and analysis，and the figures are analyzed and treated based on picture-exchanged DXF document. The 3D FEM relevance meshes can then be formed with all factors provided. The meshes are modified and adjusted after 3D dynamic display and observation of the meshes. This method can quickly and accurately realize the 3D FEM mesh subdivision.

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PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL-PIPE INTERACTION OF PIPE JACKING

Shou K J1，Chang F W2，Liu Y J1，Chen Y L1

2004, 23 (S2): 4993-4998

[PDF] 1343 KB (45)

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Coupling physical modeling and numerical analysis on pipe jacking behavior are performed. In the former analysis，the influence of the heading pressure on the surface stability is studied. Based on the results of physical modeling and the theoretical analysis by Leca (1990)，numerical model is calibrated before application to the study of the subsidence behavior during the pipe jacking process.

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PIPE ROOFing method IN SOFT CLAY

Yao Daniel T C1，Wu Chihhung1，Chang Y H2

2004, 23 (S2): 4999-5005

[PDF] 3572 KB (22)

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Pipe roofing method is employed in the construction of the vehicle tunnel，which passes the Taipei International Airport，along Fuhsing North Road. The monitoring data from construction is used to validate the presented design and analytical method of pipe roofing.

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STUDY ON EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGY OF LIQUEFACTION FOR SHIELD TUNNEL

Liao Huisheng1，Yu Mingshan1，Wu Mingfeng1，Chang Nelson2

2004, 23 (S2): 5006-5011

[PDF] 1061 KB (42)

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The effect of liquefaction to shield tunnel and its content of design examination involve the stability of tunnel uplifting during liquefaction，non-uniform settlements after earthquake and the extra stress applied to the tunnel segments. The common simplified methods in engineering and the restriction and problems of each method are discussed. The liquefaction-prevention strategies of shield tunnel of Taipei and Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Systems and the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are summarized and compared. Available prevention strategies are proposed accordingly.

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FEEDBACK ANALYSIS on stability of INTERSECTION area of SEVEN TUNNELS based on monitoring and construction data

Hsiao F Y，Yu C W，Chern J C

2004, 23 (S2): 5012-5018

[PDF] 2749 KB (37)

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The complicated stress will occur in the intersection area of tunnels. Therefore，3D numerical analysis program，FLAC3D，is adopted for feedback analysis of a case of an intersection area of seven tunnels. The analysis results indicate that tunnels shall be in stable condition because sphere of tunneling influence and loosen zone of rock mass are small. Monitoring and field visual inspection on tunnel conditions shall be maintained to monitor the behavior of tunnels during the progress of excavation.

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STUDY ON SAFETY REMEDY MEASURES AGAINST TRACK DEFORMATION

Chang S Y1，Cheng Tailung1，Shin Banjwu2，Chang K Y2

2004, 23 (S2): 5019-5024

[PDF] 341 KB (28)

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For the inland transportation systems around the world，the railway transportation seems to be the best choice to reduce pollution and effectively use the energy resources. Due to the long narrow topography and steep mountain ridge，there will be a lot of railway transportation projects proposed in the next 20 years in Taiwan area. An extensive evaluation and investigation is made on the safety strategy against the track deformation induced by the deformation of the civil structure during the design，construction and operation stages. An overall analysis is carried out based on the local practical field experiences and safety and maintenance regulations of other area. The suggestions and conclusions are proposed with the case study result of Taipei MRT system.

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SAFETY EVACUATION IN MRT UNDERGROUND STATION BY USING BUILDINGEXODUS with EXAMPLE of XINDIAN STATION of TRTC

Chien Shenwen1，Chen Wunlong2，Shen Tzusheng1，Cheng Chungchung3，Yang Yenho4，Chao Yungwei2

2004, 23 (S2): 5025-5029

[PDF] 405 KB (45)

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Due to complexity in usages and management and spatial specificity of MRT stations，fires in the underground stations may result into a great number of casualties. The priority target of fire safety designs of underground stations is ensuring the crowd evacuating safely. The buildingEXODUS evacuation model provides a detailed，arguable and realistic representation of evacuation routes and smoke control. The results of this study provide basis for safety strategies and staff drilling for TRTS in emergency.

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INFLUENCE OF DISCONTINUITIES ON SQUEEZING BEHAVIOUR OF NEW GUANYIN TUNNEL IN TAIWAN

Wang Taitien1，Huang Tsanhwei2

2004, 23 (S2): 5030-5037

[PDF] 2909 KB (30)

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The influence of discontinuities is studied by numerical stimulation of squeezing behavior of New Guanyin Tunnel in Taiwan. Analysis results indicate that discontinuities dominate the characteristics of deformation and failure patterns of surrounding rock masses of the tunnel. The large long-term deformation during tunneling is studied by considering the strain-softening post-peak behavior and time-dependent mechanical properties of intact rock and joints.

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systematic analysis of displacement of underground caveRn groups WITH Example of Xiaolangdi project

Sui Bin，Zhu Weishen，Sun Aihua

2004, 23 (S2): 5038-5041

[PDF] 706 KB (26)

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The excavation process of underground cavern groups is simulated with the example of Xiaolangdi Project by using FLAC3D program，in which different influencing factors are considered. System analysis of the horizontal displacements of the key point of side wall，including the relationships between relative displacements，relative loads，embedded depth and elastic modulus，is carried out. These will provide reference for the study of large-scale underground cavern groups.

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RESEARCH ON ROCK SUPPORT FOR UNDERGROUND POWER-HOUSE CAVERN OF LANGYASHAN pumped-storage power station

Wang Yangxue，Wu Kui，Hao Rongguo

2004, 23 (S2): 5042-5045

[PDF] 706 KB (65)

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The determining of reasonable parameters of rock support parameters is very important for stability of large underground caverns and economic and effective construction. The process of determining the support parameters of underground power-house caverns of Langyashan Pumped-Storage Power Station is introduced. The method of feedback design is employed to adjust support parameters in practice according to geological conditions，field measurements and back analysis of excavation process. The proposed method works effectively in guiding the site operation and dealing with potential safety hazard，and provides basis for similar projects.

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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION ON THE SAFETY OF THE COLUMN ROCK MASSES IN YUNGANG GROTTO

Yan Echuan，Fang Yun

2004, 23 (S2): 5046-5049

[PDF] 346 KB (43)

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During the past thousand years，Yungang Grotto has suffered a lot from the seepage hazard，and at the same time，the stability of upright column rock masses of the grotto has reduced because the grotto is dissected by the tectonic joints and unload cracks. The weathering effect on the upright column rock in front of grotto 9，10 and 12 is the most serious. The stability of the columns has great effect on the safety of grotto，so relative reinforcing measures should be taken as soon as possible. The author has carried out site investigation and hazard research，and some rock and water samples had been taken and tested. Three-dimensional numerical simulation has been used to study the load on the column，and the stress distribution，strength and safety factors of the column were determined accordingly. All these work provides basis for prevention of potential hazard and reinforcement design for the grotto. Research result shows that，the compressive stress on the top of the column rock of grotto 9， 10 and 12 have grown from 0.45 MPa，0.44 MPa (before the grotto is shaped) to 1.29～1.31 MPa，0.94～0.96 MPa (after the grotto is shaped)，respectively. The biggest load is at the top of column 4 in grotto 10，which is 3 741 kN. The highest uniaxial compressive strength of the column rock is 1.95 MPa. According to the criterion，all the six columns are in state of danger，and the grotto 9，10，12 should all be reinforced.

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STUDY ON DESIGNED THRUST OF ANTI-SLIDE PILE

Nie Wenbo1，Zhang Lijie2，Hu Jiangyun1

2004, 23 (S2): 5050-5052

[PDF] 408 KB (46)

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The landslide thrust is the key basis for mitigating landslide. The mechanical model of landslide thrust calculation and the expression of landslide residual thrust in different load composition are established. Based on mechanism analysis of landslide residual thrust，the function of the thrust of anti-slide pile in slope engineering is studied in detail. A method to determine the design parameters of anti-slide pile is set up，which is useful for designing and utilizing anti-slide piles.

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Study on Treatment of HIGH-PRESSURE WATER gushing in New YungChung TUNNEL

Fu Robert，Cha Niantsu，HsuehWencheng

2004, 23 (S2): 5053-5061

[PDF] 2541 KB (26)

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In October 1998，during the excavation of New Yungchung Tunnel，massive and high-pressure water gushing occurred at the south portal workface. The project has been successfully completed and the measures adopted for this long-lasting water gushing problem are reviewed and discussed herein. During the treatment，the procedures or methodologies were modified based on the newly-obtained supplemental geologic data and the results of the previous treatment steps. The hot bitumen grouting was employed to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the surrounding formations to advance the tunnel through the water bearing zone，which is the first application of hot bitumen grouting in Taiwan. The design was modified timely and properly according to the changes in site conditions，and information sharing and cooperation in construction teams helped the completion of the mission.

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CASE STUDY OF SHIELD TUNNELING IN TUCHENG LINE OF TAIPEI RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS

Ju Daniel H1，Ku Hungkun2

2004, 23 (S2): 5062-5067

[PDF] 1211 KB (10)

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The varied complicated geologic condition of shield tunnel of Tucheng Line of Taipei Transit System is introduced. Technique for tunneling under buildings and shortening construction periods by interface coordination is presented.

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CONSTRUCTION STATUS of LONG-LENGTH TUNNEL OF TAIWAN HIGH SPEED RAIL IN YEAR 2003

Wu Fuhsiang

2004, 23 (S2): 5068-5072

[PDF] 362 KB (63)

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Taiwan High Speed Rail Project，with the biggest total budget among the public works in the world today，is joint-invested by the government and private sectors. Ever since the signing of the contract in July 1998，Taiwan High Speed Corporation，the private investor，has finished the contracting and procurement of civil work，station，track，core electromechanical system and maintenance base，and the designing and construction of these constructions are going on. By the end of September 2003，the overall project payment was 50%. The target date for completion will be in October 2005. The geology information，construction method and construction status about the 5 long-length tunnels along the HSR line are introduced. In addition，the experiences in contracting and public construction that are implemented by the private sectors are described.

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CASE STUDY On BID price of electromechanical system of LONG HIGHWAY TUNNEL BY VALUE ENGINEERING

Tang Hueihsiung1，Chen Chinfa2，Chang Shihchung3

2004, 23 (S2): 5073-5081

[PDF] 1493 KB (37)

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Pakuashan Tunnel is a one-direction dual-hole dual-vehicle-lane tunnel about 5 km long，connecting Changhua and Nantou in Taiwan. The tunnel has 3 machine rooms and one vertical ventilation shaft (9.5 m in inner radius，240 m in depth). The construction started at 15 November 1996. The electromechanical system of the project includes equipments for electric power，lighting，water supply and drainage，fire control，fire alarm，ventilation，air condition of machine rooms，monitoring and control，and broadcasting. The budget is huge. Value engineering is used to control the budget and make it reasonable. The budget determined maintains necessary function，adopts alternative program，and effectively reduces cost about 3 hundred million NT dollars. The rate of return on investment is about 86.

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Electromechanical AND SAFETY SYSTEM for PAKUASHAN TUNNEL of HANPAO-TSAOTUN ROUTE of EAST-WEST EXPRESSWAY

Chang Shihchung

2004, 23 (S2): 5082-5088

[PDF] 1290 KB (93)

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The Pakuashan Tunnel of Hanpao-Tsaotun route of East-West Expressway in Pakuashan mountain in Middle Taiwan is one unidirection dual-hole dual-lane tunnel about 5 km long. It will be the main traffic channel of Taichung，Changhua and Nantou area. Main electromechanical facilities of Pakuashan Tunnel include systems of electric power，lighting，tunnel ventilation. The facilities for traffic monitoring and control include systems of detector and controller. The facilities of emergency and safety include refuge facility，communication facility，fire control facility，fire alarm facility，flee guide facility. So，the electromechanical and safety system have functions in control of the safety and comfortableness for passenger，and management for operation organization.

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DESIGN OF MUDSTONE TUNNEL FOR TRANSBASIN WATERWAY of AKUNGTIEN RESERVOIR renovation and improvement project

Yang Fengrong，Liou Junjie

2004, 23 (S2): 5089-5096

[PDF] 1577 KB (58)

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The Akungtien Reservoir，located at upstream of Akungtien Creek，Yenchao Hsiang，Kaohsiung County，is a multipurpose reservoir，with functions of flood prevention，irrigation and public water supply. The reservoir suffered severe sedimentation since its completion. The A-kung-tien Reservoir Renovation and Improvement Project adopts an original measure of reservoir evacuating operation by spilling turbid flood and storing clear water，and diverting clear water from Chishan Creek to solve the problems and fulfill the functions. On account of hydraulic properties and construction capacities，the transbasin tunnels are designed with 2R-3R-3R U-shaped cross-section and 4 m in inner diameter. The major problems in tunnel excavation stage may be squeezing failure and encountering sandstone strata rich in groundwater. Because the experience design method based on CSIR-RMR and NGI-Q systems is not quite suitable in rock mass classification and support design of mudstone tunnels，Terzaghi's rock loading concept combined with numerical analysis on deformation-support stress relation is adopted to examine the applicability of support design. In construction stage，feedback analysis with tunnel monitoring data and on-going design are performed to achieve a reasonable，economical，and safety design of tunnel supports. The tunnel invert is closed by installing precast concrete plate to effectively suppress the deformation of rock masses caused by squeezing and creeping and to ensure long-term stability of tunnel support.

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STUDY ON COUNTERMEASURE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT FOR UNDERGROUND RAPID TRANSIT STATION

Hsiung Kuanghua1，Chien Shenwen2，Cheng Chungchung3，Chen Chintseng3，Wang Chenhsiung1，Hsuse Yulin3

2004, 23 (S2): 5097-5103

[PDF] 508 KB (91)

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In case a disaster occurs in the underground rapid transit station，information should be prepared about disaster management plans，emergency responses design and disaster rescue condition，location of fire station and other department by the design and management department of MRT station. The requirements of disaster mitigation design，the guidelines of the evacuation，emergency response and the system of reinforcement are discussed. The system and action of disaster plan，initial emergency response，emergent evacuation and fire rescue are suggested to control damage and ensure passenger life safety，station building protection and safety management.

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INFORMATIONAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE twin-ARCH TUNNEL OF EXPRESS HIGHWAY

Zhao Yuguang1，Zhang Huanxin2，Lin Zhiyuan2，Xiao Linping1，Shen Yusheng1，Wan Youming2，Liao Xiaoquan3

2004, 23 (S2): 5104-5110

[PDF] 1384 KB (11)

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The informational management technique of the tunnel construction is an important content in the construction of the New Austrian Tunneling Method. According to the construction of the twin-arch tunnel of Xiaojinkou，by the statistical analysis of the measurement data of the section 1-1 in the class II surrounding rock masses，the mechanical models of the structural members in the twin-arch tunnel are proposed，including the model of the contact stress between the surrounding rock masses and the first lining，the model of the axial force and bending moment of the steel framework，the model of the axial force of the anchorage bolt and the model of axial force and bending moment of the secondary lining. The relationships among the deformation of surrounding rock masses，the class of surrounding rock masses，excavation method，time of support and parameters of the support are put forward. The primary computer system of informational management of the construction of the twin-arch tunnel is set up. The system is composed of data collection，data transmission，data processing and data feeding-back. These research results are of guiding significance and practical application value for the similarly tunnel cases.

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CONTROL METHODS OF SUBSIDENCE OF GROUND SURFACE IN SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING EXAMPLES

Li You1，Li Xiaoqiang2，Peng Yi1

2004, 23 (S2): 5111-5117

[PDF] 391 KB (72)

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Subways are in construction or to be constructed in many Chinese cities to mitigate traffic jam. However，the subway construction may lead to subsidence of ground surface，which may in turn lead to economic and safety damage. Consequently，the control methods of the subsidence are key problems in subway construction. In this paper，some engineering cases of subway construction are introduced，and experience is concluded on subsidence of ground surface and the control measures，which may serve as references to subway builders.

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ANALYSIS ON CAUSE and TREATMENT FOR CUT SLOPE LANDSLIDES OF EXPRESSWAY

Wen Haiqiang，He Wenhua

2004, 23 (S2): 5118-5121

[PDF] 981 KB (40)

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The construction of expressways in the geological hazard area will activate the original geological disease because the deep cut slopes lead to the change of geologic agent. The cause of landslides of an expressway is analyzed in this paper，and some effective treatment measures are also suggested.

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DESIGN and APPLICATION of INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM of DIGITALIZED CONSTRUCTION IN A SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL

Zhou Wenbo，Hu Min

2004, 23 (S2): 5122-5127

[PDF] 1121 KB (21)

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This article presents basic architecture of intelligent management system for digitalized construction in a shield-driven tunnel，with detailed description on selection and set-up of background data bank，method of implementation of remote data transmission， mode of data issuance，and method of construction data analysis and its principles as far as key parts of the system are concerned. A brief introduction is also given on its actual application during the promotion of the system.

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ROTATIONAL MEASUREMENT/CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE DIAMETER SHIELD IN DOUBLE DECK TUNNEL AT FUXING ROAD，SHANGHAI

Li Jiong

2004, 23 (S2): 5128-5131

[PDF] 564 KB (48)

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The Fuxing Road Tunnel in Shanghai is a double-deck crossing-river project，during execution of which rotational measurement/control system for shield driving has been employed. The high-precision shield horizontal deviation detector independently developed by STEC has satisfied the requirement of pitch accuracy against horizontal deviation of large diameter shield caused by its rotation. Working principles of controlling shields rotation，design criteria of electrical detection and control，electrical principles of shield correction system and its software and hardware make-up are described.

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SHIELDS LOWERING-DOWN TECHNIQUE IN CONTRACT C822 OF SEABOARD LINE IN SINGAPORE METRO

Du Feng

2004, 23 (S2): 5132-5135

[PDF] 1361 KB (62)

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With the background of contract C822 of seaboard line of Singapore metro，this article proposes a shields lowering-down scheme applicable to actual situation of work shaft and its special ambience. The method and procedures of lifting are described in details.

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APPLICATION OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY CONVEYANCE SYSTEM IN A SHIELD TUNNELING PROJECT

Wu Huiming，Zhou Wenbo

2004, 23 (S2): 5136-5139

[PDF] 1044 KB (95)

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In order to speed up construction tempo of shield tunneling，it is necessary to enhance output of both vertical and horizontal conveyance systems. This paper introduces in details both the horizontal and vertical conveyance，including the operation of horizontal belt conveyor，application of special slip-point and construction of vertical belt conveyor.

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APPLICATION OF GEOLOGic FORECAST IN WUQIAOling LONG TUNNEL

Deng Youdong1，2

2004, 23 (S2): 5140-5146

[PDF] 1785 KB (50)

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Geologic forecast of tunnel is one of the difficult problems in the researches of engineering geophysics. In this paper，the principle and gathering and processing of data of the TSP203 System are introduced in detail. The analysis results and the application of TSP203 system in Wuqiaoling long tunnel are presented.

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SHIELD BREAK-IN and BREAK-OUT Techniques in SOFT SOIL FOR SHIELD DRIVEN TUNNEL

Zhao Jun，Dai Haijiao

2004, 23 (S2): 5147-5152

[PDF] 2222 KB (24)

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Shield break-in and break-out procedures are the key point for shield driven tunnel. The importance of shield break-in and break-out operations is described with detailed technical presentation on stabilizing frontal ground，setting the position of base stand and back stand and sealing of voids around shaft holes

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Mechanical Characteristics ANALYSIS AND application OF TWO-GUIDE TUNNELING METHOD ON TWIN-ARCH TUNNEL

Chen Bingxiang1，2

2004, 23 (S2): 5153-5157

[PDF] 940 KB (69)

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This paper introduces the feasibility of the tunneling scheme and the ascertainment of the key position which affects the stability of engineering geologic body by numerical analysis of strain distribution of tunnel supporting. The corresponding reinforcement method is necessary for safe and economic construction of the tunnel.

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STUDY ON GROUTING TECHNOLOGY OF NO.2 KARST CAVE IN YUANLIANGSHAN TUNNEL

Li Zhiguo，Zou Chong，Sun Guoqing

2004, 23 (S2): 5158-5164

[PDF] 1809 KB (203)

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The total length of Yuanliangshan tunnel is 11 068 m，which is the longest tunnel in Yuhuai railway line. It is excavated through Maoba syncline，Lengshui river shallow imbedding section and Tongmaling anticline. The stratum is mainly composed of mudstone，limestone and dolomite. According to the design，the maximum water yield reaches 8.3×104 m3/d，the highest water pressure is over 4.6 MPa. The karst cave is filled with high pressure water，fine silty sand and soft mud，so in the course of construction， water gushing and sand outburst are very serious at the excavation face，and the construction is very difficult. The paper principally introduces the conditions of water gushing，sand and mud outburst，and studies the grouting design，materials and machine and equipment.

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ANALYSIS ON frequent PROBLEMS IN SHALLOW OVERBURDEN SMALL-DIAMETER PIPE-JACKING CONSTRUCTION

Shang Housheng，Cong Xiaonan

2004, 23 (S2): 5165-5169

[PDF] 1222 KB (173)

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By analyzing a typical case of shallow overburden small-diameter pipe-jacking，the problems emerging from the construction process are studied and reasonable solutions that can serve as references to similar projects are proposed.

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NATM IN LARGE CROSS SECTION TUNNELING FOR C-A，DTSS-T01， DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN SINGAPORE

Yang Jiangang

2004, 23 (S2): 5170-5173

[PDF] 1239 KB (42)

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STEC and Ho Hap Proprietary Company of Singapore have formed an associate，which is the turnkey contractor of DTSS-T01 in Singapore. The project includes 1 work shaft，3 shafts，one tunnel by shield method， one tunnel by NATM and so on. Excavation technique，the support and bracing technique，and the monitoring in NATM are presented.

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RUNNING TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR SECOND PHASE，PEARL LINE PROJECT， SHANGHAI RAIL TRANSIT

Li Linghang

2004, 23 (S2): 5174-5177

[PDF] 617 KB (101)

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The locating of base stand for a curved break-out，the setting of balancing earth pressure for uphill thrust under shallow overburden，and the dealing of segment overshoot are described in the case study of constructing the running tunnels along Second Phase，Pearl Line，Shanghai Rail Transit，including that between Yishan Road and Hongqiao Road and that between Shanghai Indoor Stadium and Yishan Road，and that of the uplink between Guangzhong Road and Lingshi Road along Gonghexinlu Viaduct Project.

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STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MULTIPLE-ARCH TUNNEL

Yang Bingchang

2004, 23 (S2): 5178-5180

[PDF] 432 KB (122)

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Tunnels are taking a bigger percentage of the total length of roads and railways built in China because a sophisticated environmental protection system is being established up gradually. Compared with big-span tunnels，multiple-arch tunnels are safer，more beautiful in structure and easier in construction. Compared with building separate tunnels under the same geological condition，multiple-arch tunnels cover less area and need less investment. Restricted by the traditional construction method，most multiple-arch tunnels are short. Combining the experience of building multiple-arch tunnel，the construction of the multiple-arch tunnel and the control and prevention of the fault common in building multiple-arch tunnels are described.

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Technique for Checking of Lining Quality and Empty Areas behind The Lining of Big Underground CAVERN

Zhong Shihang

2004, 23 (S2): 5181-5183

[PDF] 1686 KB (24)

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Landsonar，the technique of continuous profiling with an extremely elastic reflection wave of extremely small offset and a very wide frequency band，has following merits in checking thick lining made of reinforced concrete：(1) It is one of elastic wave reflect methods. Elastic wave will not be absorbed and shielded by the bar mat as radar wave. (2) This method can use a very wide frequency band of reflection wave induced by hammer source，and the wave-time curves of stations in a line can form a time-profile，and by analyzing frequency spectrum，phase and amplitude of reflection wave and superposition of waves，the following can be determined or detected：the thickness of lining，the cavities and empty areas behind the lining，the position of low density in concrete. The liability of landsonar in checking thick lining is proved by practice in this paper.

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DESIGN SYSTEM OF FOUNDATION REINFORCEMENT IN JINAN AREA

Tan Xin，Ding Wantao，Li Shucai

2004, 23 (S2): 5184-5187

[PDF] 359 KB (39)

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Design System of Foundation Reinforcement in Jinan Area and its creation are introduced. Based on analysis on the designing of a foundation ditch，the pivotal system functions are discussed. The process of developing the system by object-oriented methods is presented specifically. Main conceptions are abstracted from the design process of foundation ditch and conception diagram is offered. After decomposing the whole design process，activities and activity diagram are showed as well. The characteristics of the system are summed up.

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TUNNELING BY composite pressurized-plaster SHIELD MACHINES IN MULTILATERAL SEABED

Liao Mingyung

2004, 23 (S2): 5188-5194

[PDF] 3120 KB (32)

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Shield tunneling surpasses traditional tunneling methods by adopting shield machines to cope with complex geological and construction condition. This is most remarkable in tunnel construction in multilateral seabed (comprising rocks，gravel and broken layers)under high water pressure. The effective application of the composite pressurized-plaster shield machine in the cooling-water discharge tunnel in seabed for nuclear power plant engineering，which involves stabilization of excavation face，mucking，excavation equipments，monitoring devices，and special support equipments for arriving-seabed construction in difficult geological and construction conditions，is established by this study.

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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT OF OPEN-CUT TUNNEL FOR KAOSIUNG MRT SYSTEM

Chu Chengchueh1，Hsu Yinghsiung2，Lai Hsienyu2

2004, 23 (S2): 5195-5199

[PDF] 1647 KB (32)

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The Kaohsiung MRT system is located in a popular metropolis. Open-cut tunnel construction，soil removal of TBM and surface grouting will result in traffic congestion if the construction sequence and its traffic control are not properly arranged. Furthermore，it may induce adjacent disputes，interruptions and schedule delays because most people will not tolerate the inconvenience during construction. The construction management of open-cut tunnel is discussed in relation to the relief techniques and its facilities on the job site for traffic congestion.

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HOT BITUMEN GROUTING TO REDUCE INFLOW IN NEW YUNGCHAUG TUNNEL

Ni J C1，Weng Z X2，Chi C H1

2004, 23 (S2): 5200-5206

[PDF] 2893 KB (29)

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A major inflow occurred in the New Yungchung Tunnel on October 24 1998. To overcome this huge gushing water，a long-distance drilling program was conducted to discover the geology of the region where groundwater could be a source. It suggests that there is marble bedrock and groundwater of very high pressure. Big drain pipes are then installed to release the water pressure and reduce the inflow at the working face. At last，hot bitumen grouting is used to reduce inflow. The index tests of the bitumen are carried for quality control，and the two most important factors influencing the grouting are the injection pressure and the injection temperature. The effect of grouting can be evaluated by analyzing the grout volume，the actual progress of excavation，the residual gushing water，the injection pressure and temperature of bitumen. The investigation during tunneling shows that ability of hot bitumen to penetrate the crack of the bedrock and to fill the voids is good. The total inflow is reduced apparently，and a safer environment for tunneling is provided.

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PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR TUNNELS OF EASTERN EXPRESSWAY SUAO-HUALIEN SECTION

Chiou Linbin，Lee Shenchung

2004, 23 (S2): 5207-5213

[PDF] 1918 KB (56)

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The construction method of the tunnels，the countermeasures of difficult geological conditions，the design of the ventilation system and fire-prevention system in the long tunnels are discussed.

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MOUNTAIN TUNNEL WITH TURNKEY CONTRACT

Chang C S，Wang W T，Chen F S

2004, 23 (S2): 5214-5218

[PDF] 839 KB (30)

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In order to control construction period，budgets and quality and reduce interface problems，many projects have adopted the turnkey contact to distribute the construction work in Taiwan. In general，the responsibility of the project under the turnkey system falls on the construction companies. But the construction companies in Taiwan do not have sufficient design capabilities to perform the relevant tasks and thus they usually cooperate with design consultant firms. So the design consultant firms play important roles in coordinating with the construction parties. The case of turnkey system used in a tunnel in the mountainous region of central Taiwan is discussed.

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CONSTRUCTION of ROUND DIAPHRAGM WALL Of DAKANGPU STATION AT CROSSING OF RED AND ORANGE LINEs OF KAOHSIUNG MASS RAPID TRANSIT

Wang Gwanshyong，Hung Chengfeng

2004, 23 (S2): 5219-5227

[PDF] 5519 KB (24)

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Since the Dakangpu Station is one of the key points for KMRT Project at aspects of control of traffic flow，construction period，construction conditions and safety，Electro-Mill-VisionX is adopted in the construction of round diaphragm wall to maintain the quality，speed and accuracy on digging. The determination of the excavation sequence of the station is an important issue to designers and constructors for preventing damage caused by the effect of uneven side pressure of round diaphragm wall.

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STUDY ON EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND RESCUE ACTIVITIES FOR fire in LONG TUNNELS INCIDENTS with example of SYUESHAN TUNNEL of TAIPEI-ILAN EXPRESSWAY

Lee Horngcheh1，Jian Xianwen2，Chen Falin3，Hsiung Kuanghua4

2004, 23 (S2): 5228-5234

[PDF] 1175 KB (65)

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The standard operation procedures for fire rescue in long tunnels are studied. The response plans for entrance route，incident management and division of rescue activities are established. The steps that different rescue agents can take during different periods are also discussed. Syueshan Tunnel (12.9 km in length) of Taipei-Ilan Expressway is taken as an example to provide strategies about quick response，deployment，and emergency rescue to operation and administration units for reducing injury and fatality in fire incidents. The design and planning suggestions for fire protection facilities，based on different scenarios of fire incidents in long tunnel，are also provided.

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INTRODUCTION OF TUNNEL INSPECTION IN TAIPEI RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM

Hung Mingyuan

2004, 23 (S2): 5235-5239

[PDF] 551 KB (92)

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The application of DER evaluation method of structure inspection and the operation of visual scan database for evaluation of tunnel structure safety in TMRTS are introduced. The DER evaluation method is widely used in bridge structure inspection. Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation (TRTC) adopts the DER evaluation method in ordinary and periodical tunnel structure inspections. The basic structure information，results of structure inspection and maintenance records of TRTS are managed in a unique Structure Management Information System. The evaluation of tunnel structure safety should be carried out by the professional engineering consultants，who evaluate the potential defaults of the tunnel structure. In the meantime，the visual image of entire tunnel surface can be scanned into digital files and recorded by using the digital image scan technology. The visual image will be used for the reference and comparison of future structure safety evaluation.

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CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF DRILLED (DUG) HOLES IN karst terrain

Su Bin

2004, 23 (S2): 5240-5243

[PDF] 307 KB (135)

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This paper is mainly about locating karst，protection and treatment scheme for drilled (dug) holes. A new construction method which employs digging at the upper part and drilling at the lower part is developed.

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ANALYSIS On GROUTING PRESSURE WHEN GROUTING IN OVERBURDEN BED-SEPARATIONS IN MINE

Gao Yanfa，Niu Xueliang，Liao Junzhan

2004, 23 (S2): 5244-5247

[PDF] 730 KB (68)

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According to the test results of grouting to mitigate subsidence，the variation law of grouting pressure during grouting is analyzed，including stage of pressure quickly reducing，the pressure burdening stage and the stage of pressure gradually increasing. The function relationship between grouting pressure，developing velocity of separation layers and grouting volume is discussed. The emphasis of this paper is the research on the effect factors of grouting，and the relationship between the surface subsidence reduction ratio and grouting volume，layout of pressed wet fine coal ashes in bed-separations，mining depth，excavation face width，overburden rocks characteristics，structure and so on. Based on the analysis of dynamic law of overburden bed-separations，the technological approach to improve the effect of grouting is discussed，including adopting the continuous grouting in multi-separation layers，optimizing excavation face design and increasing grouting volume in the pressure burdening stage.

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APPLICATION OF HIGH-PRESSURE SWING-SPRAYING GROUTING TECHNOLOGY TO IMPERVIOUS COFFERDAM

Wang Qisheng

2004, 23 (S2): 5248-5252

[PDF] 738 KB (141)

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With the case of impervious cofferdam of down-stream reservoir inlet-outlet of Taishan Pumped Power Station Project，the construction technology of impervious cofferdam formed by high-pressure swing-spraying grouting is introduced.

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STUDY ON NON-RESTRAINT ROTATION AND SHIFT MOVEMENT TECHNIQUE OF THE WHOLE BUILDING

Zhu Feng1，Yue Zhanfu1，Zhang Feng2

2004, 23 (S2): 5253-5255

[PDF] 742 KB (22)

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The scheme of roller laying，which is the key in the study on no-restraint rotation and shift movement technique of the whole building，is introduced in this paper. The mechanical analysis on the bottom bridge and the corresponding calculation model are also discussed.

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PRACTICE AND well course CONTROL METHODS OF THE FIRST HORIZONTAL WELL IN YINGMAILI OF XINJIANG

Shi Hongjun，Xu Xinqiang，Li Zukui，Li Jinfeng，Xu Yueyong

2004, 23 (S2): 5256-5259

[PDF] 351 KB (95)

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This paper describes the difficulties in the construction of YM7-H1 well which is the first horizontal well in Yingmaili of Xinjiang，and presents the construction process of each well phase，technology measures and well course control methods. This research provides construction experience for the drilling of complicated horizontal wells with high-density drilling fluid，ultra-deep large-size boreholes and the exploration of the deep reservoir in Yingmaili of XinJiang.

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reinforcement Design AND construction QUALITY CONTROL for K24 cutting SLOPE of SOUTH Line of JINAN belt highway

Jiang Cunsen，Cheng Shipeng，Han Zuoxin

2004, 23 (S2): 5260-5265

[PDF] 1078 KB (65)

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The geological condition of K24 cutting slope of South Line of Jinan Belt Highway is complicated. The design of slope shape，stability analysis and comprehensive reinforcement design are described. The strict procedure，techniques and quality control of the construction are also carried out. Satisfying stability is achieved.