发震断层震前应力降现象及其机制探讨

doi:10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.0876

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摘要为了探究发震断层临震应力变化与失稳过程之间的规律性联系，开展跨尺度岩体样本震前应力降现象及机制研究。通过对典型地震实验数据、野外地应力监测数据进行计算分析和再解释，研究不同尺度研究对象的震前应力﹣应变变化规律。结果表明：(1) 从岩块、钻孔到地壳尺度的实验观测数据均显示，断层失稳前都有应力突然减小(应力降)的现象；(2) 震前应力降现象空间尺度跨越3～6个数量级，应力降提前响应时间覆盖1～6个数量级，表明参与地震孕育介质规模和质量越大，前兆响应时间越长；(3) 野外钻孔地应力监测数据表明，应力降大小和提前响应时间与天然地震存在线性正相关关系；(4) 发震断层岩体固有的塑性属性使其整体崩解迟滞于力学失衡，另外，断层滑移需克服其表面不规则的凹凸体，该过程的应力﹣应变加载速率迥异并导致二者在时间尺度上产生显著的差异性，这可能是应力降能够先于地震发生的潜在机制。

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	张重远1
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	何满潮2
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	陶志刚1
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	谭成轩3
	孟文3

关键词 ：岩石力学, 发震断层, 震前应力降, 前兆, 不同尺度, 断层失稳机制

Abstract：In order to explore the regular relationship between the imminent stress change of seismogenic faults and their instability process，this paper conducts a study on the phenomenon and mechanism of the stress drop of cross-scale rock mass samples before earthquakes. Through calculation，analysis and re-interpretation of typical seismic experimental data and field stress monitoring data，the pre-earthquake stress and strain changes of different scales are studied. The results show that the experimental data from rock blocks，boreholes to crustal scales all reveal that there is a sudden decrease in the stress(stress drop) before the fault fails. The pre-earthquake stress drop phenomenon spans 3 to 6 orders of magnitude in space，and the early response time of the stress drop covers 1 to 6 orders of magnitude，indicating that the larger the scale and quality of the media involved in the earthquake，the longer the precursor response time. Field borehole stress monitoring data show that there is a linear positive correlation between the stress drop and the early response time with natural earthquakes. The inherent plastic properties of the seismogenic fault rock mass make the overall collapse of the fault later than its mechanical imbalance. In addition，the fault slip needs to overcome the irregular asperities on its surface，and the differential stress-strain loading rate of the process leads to different stress-strain reply on the time scale. This research explains may be the underlying mechanism that stress drop can precede earthquakes.

Key words： rock mechanics seismogenic fault pre-earthquake stress drop precursor different scales mechanism of fault instability

引用本文:

张重远1，2，3，何满潮2，4，陶志刚1，2，谭成轩3，孟文3. 发震断层震前应力降现象及其机制探讨[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2021, 40(5): 916-927.
ZHANG Chongyuan1，2，3，HE Manchao2，4，TAO Zhigang1，2，TAN Chengxuan3，MENG Wen3. Discussion on stress drop mechanisms of seismogenic faults before earthquakes. , 2021, 40(5): 916-927.

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http://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.0876 或 http://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2021/V40/I5/916

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