(1. College of Mining Engineering，Taiyuan University of Technology，Taiyuan，Shanxi 030024，China；2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control，Chongqing University，Chongqing 400044，China)
Abstract：Directional pre-splitting technology is conducive to the precise caving of rock mass and the control of stope stress distribution. Existing directional fracture technologies mainly include directional water jet，directional hydraulic fracturing and convergence energy blasting，but these methods suffer from small fracture scales and poor directional effects. In this paper，a directional roof slitting by composite blasting(DRSBCB) based on “jet + detonation” was proposed. A continuous directional fracture surface was formed by utilizing the perforating charge?s shaped charge jet at the microsecond level and the explosive's high-pressure splitting effect at the millisecond level，achieving precise fracture creation. The key equipment and process flow of the DRSBCB were introduced. The mechanical model of shaped charge jet and secondary blasting was established. The mechanism of the directional jet penetrating rock and the secondary blasting high pressure splitting was obtained. The theoretical calculation formulas of the directional perforation depth of shaped charge jet was provided，and the theoretical expression of the directional crack propagation length during secondary blasting process was given. The mechanism of the DRSBCB was revealed. The numerical model of jet penetrating rock was established by using LS-DYNA numerical simulation software. The jet channel expansion law and rock damage characteristics of the whole penetration process were obtained，and the evolution law of jet morphology，jet velocity and jet channel length in different periods was revealed. Based on the jet penetration model，the numerical model of secondary blasting was established，and the whole fracture propagation process of high pressure splitting in secondary blasting was clarified. The evolution law of crack length，crack propagation speed and rock damage with time was obtained. The characteristic of whole fracture propagation process of the DRSBCB was revealed. Additionally，the feasibility of the DRSBCB was verified through ground concrete target test，and industrial experiment was carried out in mine underground roadway. The directional fracture rate of 91%，89% and 61% in the hole was obtained by borehole peeping. Through the research results of the paper，the feasibility of the directional fracture theory of the DRSBCB was proved. This approach offers a new technical method for precise control of coal and rock mass in coal mines.
高 瑞1，赵鸿杰1，徐冰琪1，于 斌2，姜 泽1. “射流+爆轰”微差复合爆破定向造缝机制及其全过程研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2025, 44(1): 81-98.
GAO Rui1，ZHAO Hongjie1，XU Bingqi1，YU Bin2，JIANG Ze1. Research on mechanism of directional slit-making and the whole process of “jet+detonation” micro-differential composite blasting. , 2025, 44(1): 81-98.
[1] 钱鸣高，缪协兴，许家林，等. 岩层控制的关键层理论[M]. 徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，2003：11–16.(QIAN Minggao，MIAO Xiexing，XU Jialin，et al. Critical Layer Theory for Rock Layer Control[M]. Xuzhou：China University of Mining and Technology Press，2003：11–16.(in Chinese))
[2] 于 斌，杨敬轩，刘长友，等. 大空间采场覆岩结构特征及其矿压作用机制[J]. 煤炭学报，2019，44(11)：3 295–3 307.(YU Bin，YANG Jingxuan，LIU Changyou，et al. Overburden structure and mechanism of rock pressure in large space stope[J]. Journal of China Coal Society 2019，44(11)：3 295–3 307.(in Chinese))
[3] 来兴平，贾 冲，崔 峰，等. 急倾斜巨厚煤层群难采资源开采的覆岩破断与能量释放规律[J]. 煤炭学报，2023，48(增1)：1–14.(LAI Xingping，JIA Chong，CUI Feng，et al. Law of overburden breaking and energy release in the mining of difficult coal resources in steeply inclined extra-thick coal seam group[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2023，48(Supp.1)：1–14.(in Chinese))
[4] GAO R，KUANG T J，MENG X B，et al. Effects of ground fracturing with horizontal fracture plane on rock breakage characteristics and mine pressure control[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2021，54(6)：3 229–3 243.
[5] 韩 军，崔露郁，贾冬旭，等. 坚硬顶板回采巷道冲击地压的卸载滑脱机制[J]. 煤炭学报，2022，47(2)：711–721.(HAN Jun，CUI Luyu，JIA Dongxu，et al. Unloading-slippage mechanism of rock burst occurred in longwall roadway[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2022，47(2)：711–721.(in Chinese))
[6] 朱斯陶，刘金海，姜福兴，等. 我国煤矿顶板运动型矿震及诱发灾害分类、预测与防控[J]. 煤炭学报，2022，47(2)：807–816.(ZHU Sitao，LIU Jinhai，JIANG Fuxing，et al. Classification，prediction and control of roof movement-type mine earthquakes and induced disasters in China?s coal mines[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2022，48(Supp1)：807–816.(in Chinese))
[7] 王恩元，冯俊军，张奇明，等. 冲击地压应力波作用机制[J]. 煤炭学报，2020，45(1)：100–110.(WANG Enyuan，FENG Junjun，ZHANG Qiming，et al. Mechanism of rock burst under stress wave in mining space[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2020，45(1)：100–110.(in Chinese))
[8] GAO R，BAI D，YU B，et al. Ground fracturing of multi-strata for strong ground pressure control in extra-thick coal seams with hard roofs：Numerical simulation and case study[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics，2024，303：110129.
[9] 卢义玉，秦旭前，汤积仁，等. 磨料射流定向切顶系统的设计与研制[J]. 重庆大学学报，2022，45(2)：1–13.(LU Yiyu，QIN Xuqian，TANG Jiren，et al. Development and optimization of abrasive water-jet directional slitting machine for coal mine[J]. Journal of Chongqing University，2022，45(2)：1–13.(in Chinese))
[10] 易恩兵，张永将. 超高压水射流“横切纵断”防治复合煤岩动力灾害技术[J]. 煤炭学报，2021，46(4)：1 271–1 279.(YI Enbing，ZHANG Yongjiang. Composite hazards prevention with breaking coal seam and roof by super high pressure water jet[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2021，46(4)：1 271–1 279.(in Chinese))
[11] 魏建平，蔡玉波，刘 勇，等. 非刀具破岩理论与技术研究进展与趋势[J]. 煤炭学报，2024，49(2)：801–832.(WEI Jianping，CAI Yubo，LIU Yong，et al. Progress and trends in non-tool rock breaking theory and technology research[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2024，49(2)：801–832.(in Chinese))
[12] 潘俊锋，马文涛，刘少虹，等. 坚硬顶板水射流预制缝槽定向预裂防冲技术试验[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(8)：1 591–1 602. (PAN Junfeng，MA Wentao，LIU Shaohong，et al. A prevention technology of rock burst based on directional presplitting of water jet prefabricated slot in hard roof[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2021，40(8)：1 591–1 602.(in Chinese))
[13] 吴拥政，杨建威. 煤矿砂岩横向切槽真三轴定向水力压裂试验[J]. 煤炭学报，2020，45(3)：927–935.(WU Yongzheng，YANG Jianwei. True triaxial directional hydraulic fracturing test on sandstone with transverse grooves in coal mine[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2020，45(3)：927–935.(in Chinese))
[14] 赵善坤，李英杰，柴海涛，等. 陕蒙地区厚硬砂岩顶板定向水力压裂预割缝倾角优化及防冲实践[J]. 煤炭学报，2020，45(增1)：150–160.(ZHAO Shankun，LI Yingjie，CHAI Haitao，et al. Pre-existing crack angle optimization of thick sandstone roof during directional hydraulic fracturing and its application to anti-rockburst in Shannxi and Inner Mongolia areas[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2020，45(Supp.1)：150–160.(in Chinese))
[15] 冯彦军，康红普. 定向水力压裂控制煤矿坚硬难垮顶板试验[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2012，31(6)：1 148–1 155.(FENG Yanjun，KANG Hongpu. Test on hard and stable roof control by means of directional hydraulic fracturing in coalmine[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2012，31(6)：1 148–1 155.(in Chinese))
[16] 杨 军，金乾坤. 应力波衰减基础上的岩石爆破损伤模型[J]. 爆炸与冲击，2000，(3)：241–246.(YANG Jun，JIN Qiankun. A new damage model for rock fragmentation by blasting based on stress wave attenuation[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves，2000，(3)：241–246.(in Chinese))
[17] 杨仁树，丁晨曦，王雁冰，等. 爆炸应力波与爆生气体对被爆介质作用效应研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2016，35(增2)：3 501–3 506.(YANG Renshu，DING Chenxi，WANG Yanbing，et al. Action-effect study of medium under loading of explosion stress wave and explosion gas[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2016，35(Supp.2)：3 501–3 506.(in Chinese))
[18] 宗 琦. 岩石炮孔预切槽爆破断裂成缝机制研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，1998，20(1)：30–33.(ZONG Qi. Investigations into mechanism of crack formation for grooved hole-well blasting[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，1998，20(1)：30–33.(in Chinese))
[19] 牟宗龙，窦林名，张广文，等. 坚硬顶板型冲击矿压灾害防治研究[J]. 中国矿业大学学报，2006，(6)：737–741.(MOU Zonglong，DOU Linming，ZHANG Guangwen，et al. Study on prevention methods of rock burst disaster caused by hard rock roof[J]. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology，2006，(6)：737–741.(in Chinese))
[20] 何满潮，郭鹏飞，张晓虎，等. 基于双向聚能拉张爆破理论的巷道顶板定向预裂[J]. 爆炸与冲击，2018，38(4)：795–803.(HE Manchao，GUO Pengfei，ZHANG Xiaohu，et al. Directional pre-splitting of roadway roof based on the theory of bilateral cumulative tensile explosion[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves，2018，38(4)：795–803.(in Chinese))
[21] 祝云华，徐小鹏. 基于损伤机制的切槽控制爆破特性研究[J]. 煤炭学报，2017，42(增2)：369–376.(ZHU Yunhua，XU Xiaopeng. Damage control characteristics for notched blasting based on the damage mechanism[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2017，42(Supp.2)：369–376.(in Chinese))
[22] 郭德勇，张 超，朱同功，等. 装药结构对煤层深孔聚能爆破增透的影响[J]. 工程科学学报，2018，40(12)：1 488–1 494.(GUO Deyong，ZHANG Chao，ZHU Tonggong，et al. Effect of charge structure on deep-hole cumulative blasting to improve coal seam permeability[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2018，40(12)：1 488–1 494.(in Chinese))
[23] 杨 帅，刘泽功，张健玉，等. 柱状聚能药管聚能罩角度对煤层爆破增透效果影响的试验研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2024，52(3)：129–138.(YANG Shuai，LIU Zegong，ZHANG，Jianyu，et al. Experimental study on the effect of the angle of the shaped charge and the shaped charge cover on the penetration enhancement of coal seam blasting[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2024，52(3)：129–138..(in Chinese))
[24] 宗 琦，陆鹏举，罗 强. 光面爆破空气垫层装药轴向不耦合系数理论研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(6)：1 047–1 051. (ZONG Qi，LU Pengju，LUO Qiang. Theoretical study on axial uncoupling coefficient of air cushion charge in smooth blasting[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2005，24(6)：1 047–1 051.(in Chinese))
[25] 王建秀，邹宝平，胡力绳. 隧道及地下工程光面爆破技术研究现状与展望[J]. 地下空间与工程学报，2013，9(4)：800–807.(WANG Jianxiu，ZOU Baoping，HU Lisheng. Advance and trend in smooth blasting technology for tunnel and underground engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering，2013，9(4)：800–807.(in Chinese))
[26] 李向平，龚伟毅，张 震. 隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术及工程应用[J]. 爆破，2023，40(2)：69–74.(LI Xiangping，GONG Weiyi，ZHANG Zhen. Smooth blasting technology for tunnel inverted arch and its engineering application[J]. Blasting，2023，40(2)：69–74.(in Chinese))
[27] 范 勇，孙金山，贾永胜，等. 高地应力硐室光面爆破孔间应力相互作用与成缝机制[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2023，42(6)：1 352–1 365.(FAN Yong，SUN Jinshan，JIA Yongsheng，et al. Stress interaction and crack penetration mechanism between smooth blasting holes for tunnel excavation under high in-situ stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2023，42(6)：1 352–1 365.(in Chinese))
[28] 申鹏磊，吕帅锋，李贵山，等. 深部煤层气水平井水力压裂技术——以沁水盆地长治北地区为例[J]. 煤炭学报，2021，46(8)：2 488–2 500. (SHEN Penglei，LÜ Shuaifeng，LI Guishan，et al. Hydraulic fracturing technology for deep coalbed methane horizontal wells：A case study in North Changzhi area of Qinshui Bsin[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2021，46(8)：2 488–2 500.(in Chinese))
[29] 李志超，李连崇，唐春安. 水平井定向射孔裂缝起裂与穿层特征数值分析[J]. 石油与天然气地质，2015，36(3)：504–509.(LI Zhichao，LI Lianchong，TANG Chun?an. Numerical analysis on hydraulic fracture initiation and penetration characteristics in directionally perforated horizontal wells[J]. Oil and Gas Geology，2015，36(3)：504–509.(in Chinese))
[30] 张云逸. 页岩油水平井穿层压裂先导性试验——以鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田华H100平台为例[J]. 中国石油勘探，2023，28(4)：92–104.(ZHANG Yunyi. Pilot test of cross-layer fracturing in horizontal shale oil well：a case study of Hua H100 platform in Qingcheng Oilfield[J]. China Petroleum Exploration，2023，28(4)：92–104.(in Chinese))
[31] 牟恭雨，罗 宁，申 涛，等. 聚能射流侵彻页岩储层损伤裂隙形成机制[J]. 爆炸与冲击，2023，43(3)：85–101.(MU Gongyu，LUO Ning，SHEN Tao，et al. Mechanism of damage-induced fracture formation in shale reservoir penetrated by shaped charge jet[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves，2023，43(3)：85–101.(in Chinese))
[32] 王 静，王 成，宁建国. 聚能射流侵彻的理论模型与孔径计算[J]. 工程力学，2009，26(4)：21–26.(WANG Jing，WANG Cheng，NING Jianguo. Theoretical model for shaped charge jets penetration and cavity radius calculation[J]. Engineering Mechanics，2009，26(4)：21–26.(in Chinese))
[33] 曹丽娜，韩秀清，董小刚，等. 圆锥罩聚能射流形成过程的数值模拟[J]. 兵工自动化，2010，29(2)：43–45.(CAO Lina，HAN Xiuqing，DONG Xiaogang，et al. Numerical simulation of conical shaped charge jet formation process[J]. Ordnance Industry Automation，2010，29(2)：43–45.(in Chinese))
[34] 方一舟，张先锋，熊 玮，等. 考虑形状分布特性的聚能射流侵彻作用规律研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报，2023，43(10)：1 047–1 058. (FANG Yizhou，ZHANG Xianfeng，XIONG Wei，et al. Study on penetration law of shaped charge jet considering shape distribution characteristics[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology，2023，43(10)：1 047–1 058.(in Chinese))
[35] 李 干，陈小伟. 聚能射流侵彻径向扩孔的可压缩模型[J]. 爆炸与冲击，2022，42(7)：97–105.(LI Gan，CHEN Xiaowei. A compressible model of radial crater growth by shaped-charge jet penetration[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves，2022，42(7)：97–105.(in Chinese))
[36] 于 斌，邰 阳，李 勇，等. 坚硬顶板复合爆破定向造缝技术及工程应用[J]. 煤炭学报，2023，48(1)：126–138.(YU Bin，TAI Yang，LI Yong，et al . An innovative technology of directional roof slitting by composite blasting and an engineering application[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2023，48(1)：126–138.(in Chinese))
[37] 郑平泰，杨 涛，秦子增. 聚能射流形成过程的理论建模与分析[J].国防科技大学学报，2006，(3)：28–32.(ZHENG Pingtai，YANG Tao，QIN Zizeng. Theoretical modeling and analysis of the formation process of shaped charge jet[J]. Journal of National University of Defense Technology，2006，(3)：28–32.(in Chinese))
[38] EICHELBERGER R，PUGH E. Experimental verification of the theory of jet formation by charges with lined conical cavities[J]. Journal of Applied Physics，1952，23(5)：537–542.
[39] BIRKHOFF G，MACDOUGALL D P，PUGH E M，et al. Explosives with lined cavities[J]. Journal of Applied Physics，1948，19(6)：563–582.
[40] PUGH E M，EICHELBERGERI R J，ROSTOKER N. Theory of jet formation by charges with lined conical cavities[J]. Journal of Applied Physics，1952，23(5)：532–536.
[41] BEHRMANN L，BIRNBAUM N. Calculation of shaped-charge jets using engineering approximations and finite difference computer codes. volume 2. modification and utilization of a two-dimensional finite difference continuum mechanics code to calculate the jet formation parameters for a，AD0915423[R]. [S. l.]：DTIC Document，1973.
[42] BEHRMANN L，BIRNBAUM N. Calculation of Shaped-Charge JETS using engineering approximations and finite difference computer codes. volume 1. generalized analytical approach to shaped-charge warhead design，AD0915601[R]. [S. l.]：DTIC Document，1973.
[43] 夏 杰. 双层药型罩射流形成的理论研究与数值模拟[硕士学位论文][D]. 武汉：武汉科技大学，2012.(XIA Jie. Theoretical study and numerical simulation of double-layer liner jet formation[M. S. Thesis][D]. Wuhan：Wuhan University of Science and Technology，2012. (in Chinese))
[44] 刘迎彬. 聚能粒子流的形成与侵彻研究[博士学位论文][D]. 合肥：中国科学技术大学，2012.(LIU Yingbin. The mechanism of formation and penetration of shaped charge particle jets[Ph. D. Thesis][D]. Hefei：University of Science and Technology of China，2012.(in Chinese))
[45] 伊建亚. 高聚物药型罩射流形成机制及应用研究[博士学位论文][D]. 太原：中北大学，2018.(YI Jianya. The jet mechanisms of shaped charge with high polymer liner and Its applications[Ph. D. Thesis] [D]. Taiyuan：North University of China，2018.(in Chinese))
[46] ALLISON F E，VITALI R. A new method of computing penetration variables for shaped-charge jets[R]. [S. l.]：Ballistic Research Laboratory Report，1963，No.1184.
[47] 赵新涛，程贵海. 岩石爆破破坏机制的四种理论[J]. 西部探矿工程，2006，(7)：181–182.(ZHAO Xintao，CHENG Guihai. Four theories of rock blasting failure mechanism[J]. West-China Exploration Engineering，2006，(7)：181–182.(in Chinese))
[48] 汪海旭. 围压作用下岩石爆炸应力分布及衰减特性模型试验研究[硕士学位论文] [D]. 淮南：安徽理工大学，2020. (WANG Haixu，Model test study on stress distribution and attenuation characteristics of rock explosion under confining pressure[M. S. Thesis] [D]. Huainan：Anhui University of Science and Technology，2020.(in Chinese))
[49] 王文龙. 钻眼爆破[M]. 北京：煤炭工业出版社，1984：178.(WANG Wenlong. Drilling Blasting[M]. Beijing：China Coal Industry Publishing House，1984：178.(in Chinese))
[50] 陈 明，刘 涛，叶志伟，等. 轮廓爆破孔壁压力峰值计算方法[J].爆炸与冲击，2019，39(6)：103–112.(CHEN Ming，LIU Tao，YE Zhiwei，et al. Calculation methods for peak pressure on borehole wall of contour blasting[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves，2019，39(6)：103–112.(in Chinese))
[51] 中国航空研究院. 应力强度因子手册[M]. 北京：科学出版社，1981：63.(China Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Handbook of stress intensity factors[M]. Beijing：Science Press，1981：63.(in Chinese))
[52] 邱崇光. 用较准确的力学模型分析邻近炮孔成缝机制[J]. 爆破，1991，(1)：11–13. (QIU Chongguang. A more accurate mechanical model is used to analyze the fracture mechanism of adjacent boreholes[J]. Blasting，1991，(1)：11–13.(in Chinese))
[53] 高 庆. 工程断裂力学[M]. 重庆：重庆大学出版社，1986：13–16.(GAO Qing Engineering fracture mechanics[M]. Chongqing：Chongqing University Press，1986：13–16.(in Chinese))
2025, Vol. 44 
