Experimental characteristics of acoustic emission P- and S-waves during slabbing failure of surrounding rock influenced by anchor cables
FU Aojun1, 2, YU Guangyuan1, 2*, LIU Jiacheng1, 3, HAN Qiang1, 2, LIANG Peng1, 2, ZHANG Yanbo1, 2
(1. School of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China;
2. Mine Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China;
3. Yisheng College/College of Iron and Steel Carbon Neutrality, North China University of Science and Technology,
Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China)
Abstract：Uniaxial compression experiments were conducted to investigate granite slabbing failure with and without anchor cables. Transverse and longitudinal wave sensors were employed to synchronously collect acoustic emission (AE) signals throughout the entire loading process of the specimens, aiming to explore the differences in time-frequency characteristics of AE transverse and longitudinal waves during granite slabbing failure influenced by anchor cables. The results indicate that at peak stress in the time domain, unanchored specimens displayed abrupt increases followed by sharp decreases in both P-wave and S-wave event rates, accompanied by single-peak energy rate evolutions. In contrast, anchored specimens maintained stable low P-wave event rates, while S-wave event rates surged and then gradually declined, with both wave energy rates exhibiting multi-peak patterns. Anchored specimens showed increases of 12.33% and 11.41% in average peak S-wave and P-wave event rates, respectively, but experienced reductions of 77.22% and 23.94% in average peak energy rates. In the frequency domain, anchored specimens exhibited narrower P-wave dominant frequency ranges (30–110 kHz compared to 10–155 kHz for unanchored specimens) and simplified frequency bands (4 versus 6). They also demonstrated lower S-wave signal density, with low-frequency components (0–128 kHz) decreasing by 6.05% and high-frequency components (256–500 kHz) increasing by 6.37%. Additionally, the entropy ranges of S-wave and P-wave dominant frequencies narrowed, showing gentler fluctuations. The lateral presence of anchor cables significantly inhibited the propagation and coalescence of tensile cracks during the plastic and post-peak stages of the slabbing specimens, transforming the failure mode from instantaneous tensile splitting to progressive tensile-shear composite failure. This transition is the fundamental reason for the observed differences in AE P-wave and S-wave time-frequency characteristics between anchored and unanchored specimens. This study further elucidates the influence of anchor cables on the AE P-wave and S-wave time-frequency characteristics during the slabbing failure of surrounding rock, providing a theoretical basis for dynamic damage assessment of anchored rock masses and control of surrounding rock slabbing failure.
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2026, Vol. 45 
