管道周期渗漏诱发地下空腔形成及降雨触发塌陷试验研究

doi:10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2026.0005

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摘要地面塌陷是全球频发的地质灾害，主要由管道渗漏与降雨诱发，但目前关于管道渗漏引发土体侵蚀及空腔演化的机制、以及降雨触发空腔坍塌的规律仍认识不清。通过物理模型试验，系统揭示“管道周期渗漏诱发土体侵蚀–地下空腔发展与稳定–降雨入渗触发空腔塌陷”的灾害演化全过程。试验中对关键物理力学参数进行全过程监测，揭示灾害演化的阶段性响应特征，重点探讨不同降雨强度对空腔坍塌发展模式的影响。研究结果表明，管道周期性渗漏诱发的地下空腔发展呈现出快速扩张（渗流力主导）、缓慢发展（渗流与毛细力协同）和最终稳定（毛细力主导）的三阶段演化特征；空腔发育阶段地表无明显位移。基于降雨强度，空腔坍塌可分为冲毁型、降雨渗流主导型及地下水渗流主导型，三者均呈突发性破坏，且坍塌前地表无显著变形。进一步，结合极限平衡理论与毛细作用理论，从宏微观双重视角揭示了空腔的稳定性机制：宏观上，毛细作用产生的表观黏聚力有效提升了土体抗剪强度；微观上，颗粒间的毛细吸力大于其自身重力，维持了颗粒的吸附状态，抑制了土体剥落。该研究揭示了管道渗漏与降雨耦合作用下地面塌陷的演化机制，为其灾害预测与防治提供了关键的试验依据与理论支撑。

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	王子业1
	谭勇1
	2*

关键词 ：土力学, 管道渗漏, 砂土侵蚀, 降雨入渗, 空腔坍塌, 毛细吸力, 液桥模型

Abstract：Ground collapse is a common geological hazard worldwide, with pipeline leakage and rainfall infiltration serving as two primary triggers. However, the mechanisms governing soil erosion and cavity development caused by cyclic pipeline leakage, as well as the subsequent rainfall-induced collapse, remain poorly understood. This study investigated the complete evolution of this hazard through a series of model tests, encompassing soil erosion induced by cyclic pipeline leakage, cavity development and stabilization, and eventual rainfall-induced collapse. Key physical and mechanical parameters were monitored throughout the tests to characterize the response at each stage of hazard progression, with particular emphasis on the influence of rainfall intensity on cavity collapse patterns. The results revealed that cavity development under cyclic leakage proceeded through three distinct stages: rapid expansion dominated by seepage forces, gradual development governed by the combined effects of seepage and capillarity, and eventual stabilization controlled by capillary forces. No significant surface displacement was observed during cavity evolution. Depending on rainfall intensity, cavity collapse patterns were classified into three types: washout-dominated, rainfall-infiltration-dominated, and groundwater-seepage-dominated collapse. In all cases, collapse occurred abruptly, without apparent surface deformation before failure. Furthermore, the mechanism governing cavity stability was elucidated at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales based on limit equilibrium and capillary theories. At the macroscopic scale, capillary action generated apparent cohesion, thereby significantly enhancing the shear strength of the soil. At the microscopic scale, interparticle capillary forces exceeded the self-weight of individual particles, enabling them to adhere to one another and preventing detachment. This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical insights that advance the understanding of cavity formation induced by pipeline leakage and subsequent collapse triggered by rainfall infiltration.

Key words： soil mechanics pipeline leakage sand erosion rainfall infiltration cavity failure capillary force liquid bridge model

引用本文:

王子业1，谭勇1，2*. 管道周期渗漏诱发地下空腔形成及降雨触发塌陷试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026, 45(11): 3340-3354.
WANG Ziye1, TAN Yong1, 2*. Cavity formation induced by cyclic leakage from buried pipelines and subsequent failure due to rainfall infiltration. , 2026, 45(11): 3340-3354.

链接本文:

https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2026.0005 或 https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/CN/Y2026/V45/I11/3340

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