Dynamic failure characteristics and mechanism of pre-stressed anchored coal under impact load
QI Chao1, 2, 3, CHANG Jucai1, 2, YIN Zhiqiang1, 2, 3*, ZHANG Chi2, SHI Wenbao2, WANG Tuo2, WU Bowen2, FAN Lei2, WANG Hongda2
(1. Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China; 2. School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001,
China; 3. National Key Laboratory of Safe Mining of Deep Coal and Environmental Protection, Anhui University of
Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China)
Abstract：To investigate the dynamic response characteristics of anchored coal in deep roadways, a split Hopkinson test system was utilized to perform impact tests on anchored coal samples subjected to varying load intensities. A numerical model of pre-stressed anchored coal was developed by incorporating a cohesive unit to simulate the anchorage interface, and the results of the model were compared with the experimental data. The findings demonstrate that the application of pre-stress enhances the dynamic compressive strength of anchored coal through the pre-tightening force of the bolt. Furthermore, as the impact intensity increases, both the peak stress and the dynamic elastic modulus of the samples show a positive correlation, while the expansion rate of the strain field within the anchored coal body accelerates. The end face of the sample first reaches the ultimate strain of the coal body, after which non-uniform strain rapidly develops along the axial direction, resulting in a strain concentration zone in the middle area of the anchorage. Subsequently, the anchored coal body exhibits outward diffusion from the anchorage center in the direction of the impact. The macroscopic failure mode evolves from circumferential shear failure to tensile failure. When the impact load is below 0.4 MPa, the pre-tightening force of the bolt provides some resistance to the propagation of the dynamic stress wave. However, when the impact load is excessively high, large-scale separation occurs between the bolt, the anchoring agent, and the coal body, leading to severe fragmentation of the anchored coal. Under low load strength, crack propagation within the sample is primarily governed by tensile-shear fractures, whereas at high load strength, the failure morphology is predominantly characterized by axial splitting. During stress wave loading, the incident compressive wave traverses the coal medium, crosses the anchorage interface, and propagates into the anchoring agent and bolt, where it undergoes transmission and reflection. The amplitude of the stress wave at the anchorage interface exhibits a linear increase with increasing load intensity, with the peak amplitude increasing by approximately 23%. As the incident compressive wave reaches the first anchorage interface, the stress wave amplitude decreases to 18%, while the peak residual stress wave in the bolt peaks at 25%. Under dynamic loading, the non-cooperative deformation of the anchored coal medium induces interface strain mismatch, and discontinuous deformations, such as anchorage failure and coal particle breakage, contribute to the gradual weakening and dispersion of the compressive stress field. This process exacerbates large-scale deformation and failure of the coal body. These findings enhance the understanding of dynamic stress wave propagation at the anchorage interface and provide an experimental basis for improving stability control strategies in deep roadways subjected to dynamic pressure.
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2026, Vol. 45 
