Mechanical properties of solid-liquid tailings composite cemented body in underground solid sylvinite mines
WANG Qizhou1, 2, 3*, LI Yang3, HUANG Yushu3, CHI Xiuwen1, 2, 3, REN Gaofeng1, 2, 3, ZHENG Bokun4, 5, SHI Yong4, 5
(1. Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Key Non-Metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; 2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; 3. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; 4. Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co. Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China; 5. Hunan Mining Solid Waste Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China)
Abstract：A composite cemented backfill system incorporating magnesia, fly ash, and tailings was developed to address the challenge of low-cost utilization of solid-liquid waste generated from underground Sylvinite mining. An orthogonal experimental design with three factors at three levels was employed, focusing on binder content, the mass ratio of brine to tailings, and fly ash content. A series of tests were conducted on the cemented specimens, including uniaxial compression tests, acoustic emission monitoring (AE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The variations in compressive strength and elastic modulus of specimens at different factor levels were investigated. An optimal formulation of the composite cemented material was established. The energy dissipation characteristics during various loading stages were analyzed, and the micromorphology of hydration products within the specimens was examined to elucidate the composite cementation mechanism of the solid-liquid tailings. Additionally, the contribution weights of different factors to the damage variable were quantified, leading to the establishment of a damage constitutive model for the magnesia-fly ash-tailings composite under varying factors and levels. The results demonstrate that the optimal specimen, with a binder content ratio of 1:5, a brine-to-tailings ratio of 1:5, and a fly ash content of 25%, achieves a peak compressive strength of 4.51 MPa. The brine-to-tailings ratio was identified as the primary factor influencing mechanical properties. The failure mode was governed by the fly ash content, transitioning from tensile splitting to shear failure while exhibiting significant plastic residual deformation as the fly ash content increased. The AE activity exhibited three distinct stages: initial quietness, rapid growth, and post-peak quietness. Higher levels of binder and fly ash content, combined with a lower brine-to-tailings ratio, enhanced the energy release per AE event, as well as both the cumulative event count and the total cumulative AE energy. These changes significantly accelerated micro-crack development and improved the connectivity of macroscopic fractures. Based on cumulative AE energy and factor contribution weights, a segmented damage constitutive model for the composite backfill was developed. The theoretical calculations from this model closely matched the experimental data, effectively capturing the stress-strain relationships and damage evolution processes across specimens with different mix proportions. This study provides a foundation for the development of cemented backfill technology utilizing solid-liquid tailings from underground potash mines.
[1] 郭利杰，刘光生，马青海，等. 金属矿山充填采矿技术应用研究进展[J]. 煤炭学报，2022，47(12)：4 182–4 200.(GUO Lijie，LIU Guangsheng，MA Qinghai，et al. Research progress on mining with backfill technology of underground metalliferous mine[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2022，47(12)：4 182–4 200.(in Chinese))
[2] 程海勇，吴爱祥，吴顺川，等. 金属矿山固废充填研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 工程科学学报，2022，44(1)：11–25.(CHENG Haiyong，WU Aixiang，WU Shunchuan，et al. Research status and development trend of solid waste backfill in metal mines[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2022，44(1)：11–25.(in Chinese))
[3] 王 雪，王 全，张 滨，等. 钢渣作为钾盐矿充填料胶结剂的固化机理[J]. 工程科学学报，2018，40(10)：1 177–1 186.(WANG Xue，WANG Quan，ZHANG Bin，et al. Hydration mechanism of using steel slag as binder for backfill materials in potash mines[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2018，40(10)：1 177–1 186.(in Chinese))
[4] HUANG T J，YUAN Q，DENG D H. The role of phosphoric acid in improving the strength of magnesium oxy chloride cement pastes with large molar ratios of H2O/MgCl2[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites，2019，97：379–386.
[5] LI L，PENG Y，WANG R，et al. The effect of polymer dispersions on the early hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry，2020，139：319–331.
[6] GU K，CHEN B，YU H，et al. Characterization of magnesium-calcium oxy sulfate cement prepared by replacing MgSO4 in magnesium oxy sulfate cement with untreated desulfurization gypsum[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites，2021，121：104091.
[7] MA C，WANG F，ZHOU H，et al. Effect of early-hydration behavior on rheological properties of borax-admixed magnesium phosphate cement[J]. Construction and Building Materials，2021，283：122701.
[8] YU K，GUO Y，ZHANG Y X，et al. Magnesium oxychloride cement-based strain-hardening cementitious composite：Mechanical property and water resistance[J]. Construction and Building Materials，2020，261：119970.
[9] HUANG Q，ZHENG W X，XIAO X Y，et al. A study on the salt attack performance of magnesium oxychloride cement in different salt environments[J]. Construction and Building Materials，2022，320：126224.
[10] CHANG C G，AN L Y，ZHENG W X，et al. Research and engineering application of salt erosion resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement concrete[J]. Materials，2021，14(24)：7880.
[11] 黄 青，肖学英，李 颖，等. 氯氧镁水泥在特定水环境中的强度变化规律试验研究[J]. 盐湖研究，2019，26(4)：73–78.(HUANG Qing，XIAO Xueying，LI Ying，et al. Study on the compressive strength development of magnesium oxy chloride cement in specific water environment[J]. Journal of Salt Lake Research，2019，26(4)：73–78.(in Chinese))
[12] 李国政，李雨峰，丁 鹏，等. 镁水泥与钾石盐尾矿胶结充填材料试验研究[J]. 中国矿山工程，2010，39(5)：23–25.(LI Guozheng，LI Yufeng，DING Peng，et al. Backfill test study on oxy-chloride magnesium cement and potash tailings[J]. China Mine Engineering，2010，39(5)：23–25.(in Chinese))
[13] 徐 翔，曾 波. 老挝钾盐矿尾盐回填工程技术研究[J]. 云南化工，2013，40(6)：41–43.(XU Xiang，ZENG Bo. Study on the tailings backfill technology of potash mine in Laos[J]. Yunnan Chemical Technology，2013，40(6)：41–43.(in Chinese))
[14] 郭会仙，王国栋，曾 波. 老挝钾盐矿尾盐回填试验研究[J]. 化工矿物与加工，2015，44(5)：24–26.(GUO Huixian，WANG Guodong，ZENG Bo. Experimental study on backfill of potash tail salt in Laos[J]. Industrial Minerals and Processing，2015，44(5)：24–26.(in Chinese))
[15] 姚俊耀，李志立，左 迪. 条带开采嗣后充填法充填膏体强度设计及工程应用[J]. 采矿技术，2019，19(5)：27–29.(YAO Junyao，LI Zhili，ZUO Di. Strength design and engineering application of filling paste by strip mining subsequent filling method[J]. Mining Technology，2019，19(5)：27–29.(in Chinese))
[16] 高红波，李 涛. 老挝固体钾盐矿床开采尾矿低成本充填技术研 究[J]. 中国矿业，2020，29(3)：140–143.(GAO Hongbo，LI Tao. Study on low cost filling technology of tailings on Laos solid sylvite deposit mining[J]. China Mining Magazine，2020，29(3)：140–143.(in Chinese))
[17] 王其洲，黄玉书，池秀文，等. 固体钾盐矿地下采空区充填技术研究进展[J]. 矿产保护与利用，2025，45(1)：85–92.(WANG Qizhou，HUANG Yushu，CHI Xiuwen，et al. Research status of underground goaf filling technology in solid sylvite mine[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources，2025，45(1)：85–92.(in Chinese))
[18] 李国栋. 粉煤灰的结构、形态与活性特征[J]. 粉煤灰综合利用，1998，(3)：37–40.(LI Guodong. Characteristics of structure，shape and activity of fly ash[J]. Fly Ash Comprehensive Utilization，1998，(3)：37–40.(in Chinese))
[19] 阎培渝. 粉煤灰在复合胶凝材料水化过程中的作用机理[J]. 硅酸盐学报，2007，(增1)：167–171.(YAN Peiyu，Mechanism of fly ash?s effects during hydration process of composite binder[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2007，(Supp.1)：167–171.(in Chinese)
[20] 赵 华，王永维，关博文，等. 粉煤灰对氯氧镁水泥早期性能的影响[J]. 材料导报，2015，29(18)：117–121.(ZHAO Hua，WANG Yongwei，GUAN Bowen，et al. Effect of fly ash on early properties of magnesium oxychloride cement[J]. Materials Reports，2015，29(18)：117–121.(in Chinese))
[21] 刘 盼，常成功，刘秀泉，等. 粉煤灰掺量对氯氧镁水泥混凝土物理力学性能的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报，2021，40(5)：1 564–1 572.(LIU Pan，CHANG Chenggong，LIU Xiuquan，et al. Influence of fly ash content on physical and mechanical properties of magnesium oxychloride cement concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2021，40(5)：1 564–1 572.(in Chinese))
[22] 杨宝贵，于 跃，匡 汉，等. 煤矿高浓度胶结充填材料配比优化分析[J]. 煤炭技术，2015，(11)：1–3.(YANG Baogui，YU Yue，KUANG Han，et al. Optimization analysis on ratio of high concentration cementation stowing materials in coal mine[J]. Coal Technology，2015，(11)：1–3.(in Chinese))
[23] 祝丽萍，倪 文，黄 迪，等. 粉煤灰全尾砂胶结充填料[J]. 北京科技大学学报，2011，33(10)：1 190–1 196.(ZHU Liping，NI Wen，HUANG Di，et al. Whole-tailings backfilling materials with fly ash[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2011，33(10)：1 190–1 196.(in Chinese))
[24] 杨 科，张继强，何 祥，等. 多源煤基固废胶结充填体力学及变形破坏特征试验研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2024，52(6)：102–114.(YANG Ke，ZHANG Jiqiang，HE Xiang，et al. Experimental study on the mechanics and deformation failure characteristics of multi-source coal-based solid waste cemented backfill[J]. Coal Geology and Exploration，2024，52(6)：102–114.(in Chinese))
[25] 谢 勇，何 文，朱志成，等. 单轴压缩下充填体声发射特性及损伤演化研究[J]. 应用力学学报，2015，32(4)：670–676.(XIE Yong，HE Wen，ZHU Zhicheng，et al. Study on acoustic emission characteristics and damage evolution of filling body under uniaxial compression[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics，2015，32(4)：670–676.(in Chinese))
[26] MORADIAN Z，EINSTEIN H H，BALLIVY G. Detection of cracking levels in brittle rocks by parametric analysis of the acoustic emission signals[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2016，49(3)：1–16.
[27] 王 立，赵尔丞，朱 明，等. 粉煤灰掺量对胶结充填体力学性能与声发射响应特征的影响[J]. 有色金属(中英文)，2025，15(7)：1 220–1 228.(WANG Li，ZHAO Ercheng，ZHU Ming，et al. Influence of fly ash content on the mechanical properties and acoustic emission response characteristics of fully tailings cemented filling material[J]. Nonferrous Metals，2025，15(7)：1 220–1 228.(in Chinese))
[28] 华心祝，常贯峰，刘 啸，等. 多源煤基固废充填体强度演化规律及声发射特征[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2022，41(8)：1 536–1 551. (HUA Xinzhu，CHANG Guanfeng，LIU Xiao，et al. Strength evolution law and acoustic-emission characteristics of multi-source coal-based filling body of solid wastes[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2022，41(8)：1 536–1 551.(in Chinese))
[29] 赵 康，黄 明，严雅静，等. 不同灰砂比尾砂胶结充填材料组合体力学特性及协同变形研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2021，40(增1)：2 781–2 789.(ZHAO Kang，HUANG Ming，YAN Yajing，et al. Mechanical properties and synergistic deformation characteristics of tailings cemented filling assembled material body with different cement-tailings ratios[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2021，40(Supp.1)：2781–2789.(in Chinese))
[30] 程爱平，戴顺意，张玉山，等. 胶结充填体损伤演化尺寸效应研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2019，38(增1)：3 053–3 060.(CHENG Aiping，DAI Shunyi，ZHANG Yushan，et al. Study on size effect of damage evolution of cemented backfill[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2019，38(Supp.1)：3 053–3 060.(in Chinese))
[31] 邝泽良，郑小龙，陈 军，等. 循环荷载作用下胶结充填体声发射特征试验研究[J]. 有色金属科学与工程，2017，8(4)：91–97.(KUANG Zeliang，ZHENG Xiaolong，CHEN Jun，et al. Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of consolidated filling body under cyclic loading[J]. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering，2017，8(4)：91–97.(in Chinese))
[32] 尹升华，侯永强，杨世兴，等. 单轴压缩下混合集料胶结充填体变形破坏及能耗特征分析[J]. 中南大学学报：自然科学版，2021，52(3)：936–947.(YIN Shenghua，HOU Yongqiang，YANG Shixing，et al. Analysis of deformation failure and energy dissipation of mixed aggregate cemented backfill during uniaxial compression[J]. Journal of Central South University：Science and Technology，2021，52(3)：936–947.(in Chinese))
[33] 靳少博，刘科伟，黄 进，等. 单轴压缩下充填体损伤本构模型研究[J]. 黄金科学技术，2021，29(4)：555–563.(JIN Shaobo，LIU Kewei，HUANG Jin，et al. Study on damage constitutive model of backfill under uniaxial compression[J]. Gold Science and Technology，2021，29(4)：555–563.(in Chinese))
[34] 柏耀宗，李波波，任崇鸿，等. 不同层理倾角煤岩损伤破裂机制及能量响应[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报，2025，7(1)：113–129.(BAI Yaozong，LI Bobo，REN Chonghong，et al. Damage and fracture mechanism and energy response of coal and rock with different bedding dip angles[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering，2025，7(1)：113–129.(in Chinese))
[35] 于永江，刘佳铭，杨云涛，等. 基于能量原理不同含水率下煤岩体变形破坏能量损伤演化机制[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2024，52(6)：67–80.(YU Yongjiang，LIU Jiaming，YANG Yuntao，et al. Mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of coal with different water content based on energy principle[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2024，52(6)：67–80.(in Chinese))
[36] 刘冬桥，郭允朋，李杰宇，等. 基于耗散能演化的层状黄砂岩损伤本构模型及其验证[J]. 工程科学学报，2024，46(5)：784–799.(LIU Dongqiao，GUO Yunpeng，LI Jieyu，et al. Damage constitutive model for layered yellow sandstone based on dissipative energy evolution and its verification[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2024，46(5)：784–799.(in Chinese))
[37] 吴贤振，刘建伟，刘祥鑫，等. 岩石声发射振铃累计计数与损伤本构模型的耦合关系探究[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报，2015，32(1)：28–34.(WU Xianzhen1，LIU Jianwei，LIU Xiangxin，et al. Study on the coupled relationship between AE accumulative ring-down count and damage constitutive model of rock[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering，2015，32(1)：28–34.(in Chinese))
[38] 宋绍华，张献才，张剑翔，等. 基于声发射特征的胶凝砂砾石材料损伤演化模型[J]. 水电能源科学，2025，43(4)：124–128.(SONG Shaohua，ZHANG Xiancai，ZHANG Jianxiang，et al. Damage evolution model of cemented sand and gravel material based on acoustic emission characteristics[J]. Water Resources and Power，2025，43(4)：124–128.(in Chinese))
[39] 宋勇军，程柯岩，孟凡栋. 冻融作用下裂隙岩石损伤破坏声发射特性研究[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报，2023，40(2)：408–419.(SONG Yongjun，CHENG Keyan，MENG Fandong. Research on acoustic emission characteristics of fractured rock damage under freeze-thaw action[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering，2023，40(2)：408–419.(in Chinese))
[40] 侯永强，尹升华，曹 永，等. 尾砂胶结充填体单轴受压应力–应变关系及其损伤本构模型[J]. 材料导报，2022，36(16)：179–186.(HOU Yongqiang，YIN Shenghua，CAO Yong，et al. Stress-Strain relationship and damage constitutive model of cemented tailings backfill under uniaxial compression[J]. Materials Reports，2022，36(16)：179–186.(in Chinese))
[41] 李波波，王忠晖，任崇鸿，等. 水–力耦合下煤岩力学特性及损伤本构模型研究[J]. 岩土力学，2021，42(2)：315–323.(LI Bobo，WANG Zhonghui，REN Chonghong，et al. Mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of coal under the coupled hydro-mechanical effect[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2021，42(2)：315–323.(in Chinese))
[42] 孙 琦，张向东，杨 逾. 膏体充填开采胶结体的蠕变本构模型[J]. 煤炭学报，2013，38(6)：994–1 000.(SUN Qi，ZHANG Xiangdong，YANG Yu. Creep constitutive model of cemented body used in backfilling mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2013，38(6)：994–1 000.(in Chinese))
[43] LIU D Q，HE M C，CAI M. A damage model for modeling the complete stress-strain relations of brittle rocks under uniaxial compression[J]. International Journal of Damage Mechanics，2018，27(7)：1 000–1 019.
[44] WANG B，WANG F，WANG Q. Damage constitutive models of concrete under the coupling action of freeze-thaw cycles and load based on Lemaitre assumption[J]. Construction and Building Materials，2018，173：332–341.
2026, Vol. 45 
