Abstract：To investigate the frost heave characteristics of transversely isotropic surrounding rock tunnels, we employed unidirectional freezing tests on saturated carbonaceous slate with varying bedding inclinations, theoretical modeling of uneven frost heave force, and in-situ testing. Our study focused on the frost heave characteristics of the carbonaceous slate tunnel surrounding rock, the tunnel temperature field, and the distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock frost heave force. The results revealed the following: (1) Under unidirectional freezing conditions, the uneven frost heave coefficient of slate increases progressively with the temperature gradient. The larger the freezing direction and bedding inclination angle, the stronger the uneven frost heave. (2) The envelope diagram of the freeze-thaw cycle of the surrounding rock at the entrance of the Heiqia Tunnel during the construction period shows a pear shape, with the lowest temperature and the highest freezing depth at the arch foot, reaching a maximum freezing depth of 2.97 m. (3) The measured frost heave force of the surrounding rock-structure ranged from 0.08 to 0.63 MPa, with the maximum at the left arch foot and the minimum at the left arch shoulder. (4) Considering the relationship between the freezing direction and the inclination angle of slate bedding, the theoretical model of uneven frost heave force in cold region tunnels elucidates the uneven frost heave characteristics of transversely isotropic surrounding rock. This model can serve as a reference for anti-freezing design in high-risk frost damage areas of transversely isotropic surrounding rock tunnels in cold regions.
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2025, Vol. 44 
