Mechanical responses of muddy sandstone under cyclic loading based on multi-source information
YIN Qian1,2,3*, NIE Xinxin1, TAO Zhigang2, HE Manchao2, MENG Bo1,3, REN Shulin2, BAI Dongfeng3, LI Zhaobo1, YI Sijian1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; 2. State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; 3. China Communications First Highway Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China)
Abstract：Under periodic mining disturbances, the surrounding rock masses of roadways in deep engineering are subjected to cyclic loading conditions, which promote cumulative fatigue damage and plastic deformation, ultimately compromising the long-term stability of the roadway. To elucidate the mechanical behavior and multi-source responses of muddy sandstone from the roadway roof under cyclic loading, a series of laboratory uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading tests were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of the upper stress level (15.6–39.0 MPa), lower stress level (0–23.4 MPa), and cycle number (10–40 cycles) on fatigue degradation. Synchronous monitoring of “mechanical parameters–acoustic emission (AE)-P-wave velocity-apparent resistivity-displacement field” was implemented to establish a mutually corroborative, multi-source characterization framework. The results indicate that increases in the upper stress level, lower stress level, and cycle number lead to changes in post-cycling peak stress ( ) of －22.82%, +36.55%, and －36.01%, respectively, and changes in peak strain ( ) of +14.94%, +21.35%, and －17.77%, respectively. Multi-source observations further reveal that the elastic strain ratio per cycle (Re) exhibits an exponential relationship with the cycle number (R2 = 0.805 to 0.962), reflecting an evolution from initial plastic damage to internal structural reorganization and an increased elastic proportion. AE activity demonstrates a staged pattern of “high activity in early cycles-quiescence in mid-to-late cycles-reactivation after cycling-sharp surge near pre-peak yielding.” The P-wave velocity evolves through a sequence of “initial compaction-induced increase-progressive damage-induced decrease-abrupt drop near pre-peak yielding.” Apparent resistivity exhibits a pattern of “localized increase during cyclic loading-partial decrease during unloading-pronounced high-resistivity band near the peak-gradual homogenization after multiple cycles.” Displacement-field measurements reveal marked gradient contrasts during cyclic loading that diminish after unloading, with final failure characterized by tensile splitting exhibiting mixed tensile-shear characteristics. Collectively, the concurrent occurrence of “pre-peak velocity drop + synchronous AE surge + intensified high-resistivity zone + pronounced displacement-gradient contrast” indicates that the rock has entered a critical transition from stable damage accumulation to unstable failure, providing a practical reference criterion for early warning of instability in surrounding rock subjected to cyclic disturbances in situ.
尹 乾1，2，3*，聂新新1，陶志刚2，何满潮2，孟 波1, 3，任树林2，白东锋3，李召波1，乙司建1. 基于多源信息的循环荷载作用下泥质砂岩力学响应[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026, 45(8): 2266-2282.
YIN Qian1,2,3*, NIE Xinxin1, TAO Zhigang2, HE Manchao2, MENG Bo1,3, REN Shulin2, BAI Dongfeng3, LI Zhaobo1, YI Sijian1. Mechanical responses of muddy sandstone under cyclic loading based on multi-source information. , 2026, 45(8): 2266-2282.
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2026, Vol. 45 
