Abstract：To elucidate the unclear mechanism by which the geo-stress field influences the cracking of layered soft rock tunnel linings, this study examines a typical layered soft rock tunnel along the Wen-Ma expressway as a case study. By integrating model tests with numerical simulations, we investigate the deformation, stress, and failure behavior of layered soft rock tunnel linings under the impact of the geo-stress field. The damage characteristics and cracking patterns of the tunnel lining structure under varying lateral pressure coefficients are analyzed, thereby revealing the mechanism through which the geo-stress field affects tunnel lining cracking. The results indicate that, with a bedding angle of 45° and a strike of 90°, as the lateral pressure coefficient increases from 0.5 to 1.5, the morphology of the lining cracks transitions from vertical compression failure to bedding-plane dominated failure, and subsequently to horizontal compression failure. The cracking pattern evolves from tensile-shear composite failure to shear failure, and then back to tensile-shear composite failure. Correspondingly, the location of cracking shifts from the vault to the right spandrel, and from the left arch foot to the left haunch. When the lateral pressure coefficient is 1.00, the stress distribution of the surrounding rock is the most uniform, leading to minimal deformation and contact pressure of the lining, maximal bearing capacity of the lining, and optimal overall stability of the tunnel. Further analysis reveals that the location of surrounding rock damage exhibits spatial consistency with the area of lining fractures. The surrounding rock damage manifests as compression failure along the normal bedding plane surrounding the tunnel, along with shear sliding along the bedding plane away from the tunnel area.
赵亮亮1，杨文波2*，夏俊英2，李 盛1，孙纬宇1，李 斌3，朱建勇3. 地应力场对层状软岩隧道衬砌裂损影响机制研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026, 45(7): 2030-2045.
ZHAO Liangliang1, YANG Wenbo2*, XIA Junying2, LI Sheng1, SUN Weiyu1, LI Bin3, ZHU Jianyong3. Mechanism of geo-stress field on the cracking of layered soft rock tunnel linings. , 2026, 45(7): 2030-2045.
[1] 邵珠山，席慧慧，乔汝佳，等. 运营隧道衬砌裂损与治理修复措施研究综述[J]. 现代隧道技术，2022，59(4)：29–39.(SHAO Zhushan，XI Huihui，QIAO Rujia，et al. Review of the research on lining damage and repair measures for tunnels in operation[J]. Modern Tunnelling Technology，2022，59(4)：29–39.(in Chinese))
[2] 刘 勇，韩 宇. 基于断裂力学理论的隧道衬砌开裂病害分级[J]. 中国铁道科学，2019，40(3)：72–79.(LIU Yong，HAN Yu. Classification of tunnel lining cracking disease based on fracture mechanics theory[J]. China Railway Science，2019，40(3)：72–79.(in Chinese))
[3] 张 旭，张成平，冯 岗，等. 衬砌背后空洞影响下隧道结构裂损规律试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2017，39(6)：1 137–1 144. (ZHANG Xu，ZHANG Chengping，FENG Gang，et al. Experimental studies on effect of voids behind tunnel linings on progressive failure process of tunnel structures[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2017，39(6)：1 137–1 144.(in Chinese))
[4] ZHANG, S L，XU Q，YOO C，et al. Lining cracking mechanism of old highway tunnels caused by drainage system deterioration：A case study of Liwaiao Tunnel，Ningbo，China[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis，2022，137：106270.
[5] 张文革. 阳安线铁路隧道病害整治研究[硕士学位论文][D]. 成都：西南交通大学，2003.(ZHANG Wenge. Study on disaster treating of railway tunnel in Yang?an line[M. S. Thesis][D]. Chengdu：Southwest Jiaotong University，2003.(in Chinese))
[6] 黄宏伟，刘德军，薛亚东，等. 基于扩展有限元的隧道衬砌裂缝开裂数值分析[J]. 岩土工程学报，2013，35(2)：266–275.(HUANG Hongwei，LIU Dejun，XUE Yadong，et al. Numerical analysis of cracking of tunnel linings based on extended finite element[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2013，35(2)：266–275.(in Chinese))
[7] 邹育麟，何 川，周 艺，等. 重庆高速公路现役营运隧道渗漏水病害统计及成因分析[J]. 公路交通科技，2013，30(1)：86–93.(ZOU Yulin，HE Chuan，ZHOU Yi，et al. Statistics and cause analysis of leakage diseases in operating expressway tunnels in Chongqing[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development，2013，30(1)：86–93.(in Chinese))
[8] 刘庭金，朱合华，夏才初，等. 云南省连拱隧道衬砌开裂和渗漏水调查结果及分析[J]. 中国公路学报，2004，(2)：65–68.(LIU Tingjin，ZHU Hehua，XIA Caichu，et al. Analysis of site investigation of cracking and leakage on arcade tunnel lining of Yunnan Province[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport，2004，(2)：65–68.(in Chinese))
[9] 苏生瑞，朱合华，李国峰. 连拱隧道衬砌病害及其处治[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2003，22(增1)：2 510–2 515.(SU Shengrui，ZHU Hehua，LI Guofeng. Treatment of liner diseases for joint arch tunnel[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2003，22(Supp.1)：2 510–2 515.(in Chinese))
[10] 徐国文，何 川，汪 耀，等. 流变荷载作用下隧道裂损二次衬砌结构安全性能研究[J]. 土木工程学报，2016，49(12)：114–123.(XU Guowen，HE Chuan，WANG Yao，et al. Study on the safety performance of cracked secondary lining under action of rheological load[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal，2016，49(12)：114–123.(in Chinese))
[11] HU Z N, SHEN J, WANG Y F, et al. Cracking characteristics and mechanism of entrance section in asymmetrically-load tunnel with bedded rock mass：A case study of a highway tunnel in Southwest China[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis，2021，122：105221.
[12] GRIFFITH A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London，Series A，Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character，1921，221：163–198.
[13] IRWIN G R. Analysis of stresses and strains near end of a crack traversing a plate[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics，1957，24：361–364.
[14] MURRAY W M，FOREWOR W A. Fatigue and fracture of metals[M]. Hoboken：John Wiley and Sons，1952：1–70.
[15] KAPLAN M F. Crack Propagation and the Fracture of Concrete[J]. ACI Journal Proceedings，1961，58(11)：591–610.
[16] LAN W M，DENG X M，SUTTON M A. Investigation of crack tunneling in ductile materials[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics，2010，77(14)：2 800–2 812.
[17] 徐世烺，刘建强，张秀芳. 水工有压隧洞衬砌双K断裂理论分析及裂缝宽度计算[J]. 土木工程学报，2010，43(1)：114–124.(XU Shilang，LIU Jianqiang，ZHANG Xiufang. Double-K fracture theoretical analysis and crack width calculation of hydraulic pressure tunnel lining[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal，2010，43(1)：114–124.(in Chinese))
[18] 秦淞君. 隧道裂损衬砌稳定性评价和喷锚支护设计[J]. 铁道标准设计通讯，1980，(1)：1–7.(QIN Songjun. Stability evaluation of tunnel cracks and damage lining and design of shotcrete support[J]. Railway Standard Design Communication，1980，(1)：1–7.(in Chinese))
[19] SONG W L，LAI H P，LIU Y Y，et al. Field and laboratory study of cracking and safety of secondary lining for an existing highway tunnel in loess ground[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology，2019，88：35–46.
[20] CUI Z，LI J H，FU X W，et al. Evaluating the response of a tunnel subjected to strike-slip fault rupture in conjunction with model test and hybrid discrete-continuous numerical modeling[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2022，55(8)：4 743–4 764.
[21] XU Z L，CHEN J X，LUO Y B, et al. Geomechanical model test for mechanical properties and cracking features of large-section tunnel lining under periodic temperature[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology，2022，123：104319.
[22] PENG L F，HU X C，SU G S，et al. Cracking characteristics of the surrounding rocks of a hydraulic tunnel under high geothermal conditions：A model test[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2021，54(3)：1 369–1 390.
[23] 王道远，袁金秀，朱永全，等. 浅埋隧道局部存水冻胀作用机制与安全性评价[J]. 交通运输工程学报，2020，20(3)：40–50.(WANG Daoyuan，YUAN Jinxiu，ZHU Yongquan，et al. Safety evaluation and action mechanism of frost heave with local water storage in shallow tunnel[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering，2020，20(3)：40–50.(in Chinese))
[24] 何 川，佘 健. 高速公路隧道维修与加固[M]. 北京：人民交通出版社，2006：101–134.(HE Chuan，SHE Jian. Maintenance and reinforcement of expressway tunnels[M]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2006：101–134.(in Chinese))
[25] FU J Y，XIE J W，WANG S Y，et al. Cracking performance of an operational tunnel lining due to local construction defects[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics，2019，19(4)：04019019.
[26] 雷 波，漆泰岳，陈小雨，等. 背后空洞引起高速铁路隧道衬砌裂缝形态的FEM对比分析[J]. 铁道标准设计，2015，59(9)：104–108.(LEI Bo，QI Taiyue，CHEN Xiaoyu，et al. FEM-based contrastive analysis of lining cracks caused by cavity behind arch shoulder in high-speed railway tunnels[J]. Railway Standard Design，2015，59(9)：104–108.(in Chinese))
[27] YANG H Y，XU J L，ZHANG K J，et al. Study on generation and evolution of base voids in heavy-haul railway tunnels using particle flow method[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2024，145：105569.
[28] 丁 浩，李 科，周小平，等. 公路隧道衬砌裂纹扩展机制[J]. 土木建筑与环境工程，2018，40(5)：86–91.(DING Hao，LI Ke，ZHOU Xiaoping，et al. Numerical investigation on the fracture propagation mechanism of highway tunnel lining[J]. Journal of Civil，Architectural and Environmental Engineering，2018，40(5)：86–91.(in Chinese))
[29] 陈子全，何 川，吴 迪，等. 深埋碳质千枚岩力学特性及其能量损伤演化机制[J]. 岩土力学，2018，39(2)：445–456.(CHEN Ziquan，HE Chuan，WU Di，et al. Mechanical properties and energy damage evolution mechanism of deep-buried carbonaceous phyllite[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2018，39(2)：445–456.(in Chinese))
[30] YANG W B，ZHAO L L，YAO C F，et al. The control effect of directional rock bolt on asymmetric deformation of layered soft rock tunnel with different grades of large deformation[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2025，58(5)：5 273–5 297.
[31] 赵亮亮，杨文波，潘文韬，等. 不同大变形等级的层状软岩隧道施工模型试验与数值模拟研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2024，43(2)：454–467.(ZHAO Liangliang，YANG Wenbo，PAN Wentao，et al. Study on model test and numerical simulation of layered soft rock tunnel construction with different large deformation grades[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2024，43(2)：454–467.(in Chinese))
[32] 潘文韬，杨文波，吴枋胤，等. 基于单三轴试验与直剪试验的层状软岩模拟[J]. 岩土力学，2022，43(12)：3 437–3 452.(PAN Wentao，YANG Wenbo，WU Fangyin，et al. Layered soft rock simulation based on uniaxial and triaxial tests and direct shear test[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2022，43(12)：3 437–3 452.(in Chinese))
[33] 杨长卫，张 良，张凯文，等. 山岭隧道跨断裂带段及洞口段地震响应大型振动台模型试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2023，42(4)：993–1 002.(YANG Changwei，ZHANG Liang，ZHANG Kaiwen，et al. Large scale shaking table model test on seismic response of mountain tunnel portal section passing through fault zone[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2023，42(4)：993–1 002. (in Chinese))
[34] KOU H，HE C，YANG W B，et al. A fractional nonlinear creep damage model for transversely isotropic rock[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2022，56(2)：831–846.
[35] DU S H，MA J Y，RUAN B，et al. Undrained mechanical behavior of unsaturated completely weathered granite：Experimental investigation and constitutive modeling[J]. Journal of Central South University，2025，32(6)：2 307–2 327.
[36] YAO Y X，FANG Y，LI S，et al. Analysis of mechanical behavior of lining structure of high-filled cut-and-cover tunnel based on DEM[J]. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering，2022，47(10)：12 729–12 743.
[37] ZHAO L L，YANG W B，FEI H，et al. Discrete-element investigation on the progressive failure of cut-and-cover tunnel lining with various section features[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics，2024 24(12)：04024273.
2026, Vol. 45 
