Monitoring method for toppling unstable rock collapse based on micro-electro-mechanical systems sensing technology
CHEN Chen1, XIE Mowen1, DU Yan2, ZHANG Xiaoyong3
(1. School of Resources and Safety Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; 2. School of Future Cities, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; 3. School of Mining and Coal, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China)
Abstract：To achieve real-time stability evaluation and early warning for sudden unstable rock collapse, this study proposes a monitoring method for toppling unstable rock collapse based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensing technology. Integrating MEMS sensing mechanisms with vibration dynamic equilibrium equations, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of traditional apparent displacement monitoring. By simplifying the toppling unstable rock into a spring-mass pendulum model, a quantitative relationship was detived, revealing a 4∶3 ratio between the natural frequency and the safety factor under limit equilibrium conditions. Indoor simulation experiments with varying degrees of detachment validated the natural frequency monitoring algorithm based on the spectral response characteristics of the bedrock and unstable rock. The applicability of MEMS sensors in acquiring time-domain and frequency-domain vibration data from unstable rocks was also verified using a laser doppler vibrometer (LDV). Furthermore, a three-parameter stability evaluation model and a hierarchical early-warning threshold criteria were proposed, which incorporate natural frequency, the inverse root mean square velocity amplitude ratio, and the inverse tilt angle as dual dynamic-deformation indicators. Key issues in the practical application of the stability evaluation model and MEMS sensing technology are also discussed. The results demonstrate that the stability of toppling unstable rock is significantly positively correlated with natural frequency, the inverse root mean square velocity amplitude ratio, and the inverse tilt angle. Moreover, the integrated dynamic-deformation monitoring approach enables multi-level early warnings (red, orange, and yellow), thereby meeting the safety warning requirements for unstable rock masses at different stability levels in engineering construction.
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2025, Vol. 44 
