(1. Institute of Rock Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; 2. Ningbo Key Laboratory of Energy Geostructure, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; 3. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Deep Metal Mining and Equipment, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; 4. PowerChina Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; 5. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China)
Abstract：Rock masses exhibit significant strain-softening characteristics under high-stress conditions. During excavation, surrounding rock may undergo plastic shear failure with strain-softening. Under high internal pressure, the primary stress sequence of surrounding rock changes, leading to strain-softening in another direction, known as bidirectional strain-softening. Accordingly, an analytical method for calculating rock stress and displacement—considering the biaxial strain-softening characteristics—has been proposed from a stress path perspective. For rock masses of superior quality (e.g., Grade III and above), the effects of bidirectional strain-softening can be overlooked in the structural design calculations for caverns. However, for lower-quality rock masses (e.g., Grade V1), the calculated rock displacements during high-pressure gas storage can differ significantly—by more than a multiple—when accounting for strain-softening versus neglecting it. For rock masses classified as Grade IV1, this discrepancy is approximately 14%. Therefore, the strain-softening characteristics of medium-to-soft rock strata must be considered in the structural design of compressed air energy storage caverns. These findings offer valuable insights for the design of cavern structures within medium-to-soft rock formations.
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2026, Vol. 45 
